Lithium is increasingly becoming crucial as an international strategic metallic mineral resource. There is a great demand to implement the nations new energy strategy for lithium. To lay the groundwork for the strategy, we need to find important scientific questions by analyzing and comparing the distributions, tectonic backgrounds, compositions, petrogenesis and metallogenetic processes of typical lithiumberylliumtantalum pegmatite ore deposits in China and abroad. To find the key for a major breakthrough, and to build a framework for the new energy strategy of China, we need to have a clearer understanding of the typical pegmatitic lithium deposits in mainland China, including their states in deep earth, enrichment mechanism of lithium, and its metallogenetic process of “sourcemigrationaccumulation”. To address these scientific questions, we place an emphasis on the significance of the continental dynamics research, as well as multidisciplinary cooperation and new technology development. The principal objective of the articles in this special issue is to provide substantial scientific information needed to expand the national lithium reserves and the upstream exploration perspective, as well as to build largesuperlarge lithium resource bases and a robust national lithiumdeposit matrix.