There are many important mineral resources bases in the Yangtze River basin. Under the premise of not developing the Yangtze River basin, how to rationally develop and utilize the mineral resources to ensure the security of the countrys energy resources, and at the same time to protect the ecological environment, so as to achieve the goal of harmony and winwin between human beings and the environment is a new subject that urgently needs to be studied at present. In this paper, 128 kinds of mineral resources and 14683 mineral origin information have been found in the Yangtze River basin, the distribution characteristics of mineral resources in the Yangtze River basin have been summarized, and the temporal and spatial metallogenic regularity of mineral resources in the Yangtze River basin have been systematically analyzed. The Yangtze River basin has a complete range of mineral resources, energy minerals are generally undeveloped but shale gas has potential, metal minerals are mainly iron and nonferrous metals, minerals and rock nonmetallic minerals are relatively developed, hydrogas minerals have great potential. In terms of time, the metallogenic history is long. According to the tectonic evolution period, it can be divided into sixperiods, Archaean, Proterozoic, Late Paleozoic, Early Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, with Mesozoic and Late Paleozoic as the main metallogenic periods. In terms of space, it can be divided into eight resource concentration areas, with more ore deposits in the upper reaches and higher mineralization density in the lower reaches. With rational distribution, scientific planning, strengthened legal system and strict control, highend exploitation and utilization of mineral resources can not only provide resource guarantee for highquality development of social economy, but also make new contributions to environmental protection.