Enhanced basalt weathering has the potential to release and accumulate heavy metals in soil, while the weathering products of basalt can have a passivating effect on these metals. Therefore, investigating the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil during the enhanced basalt weathering process is of great significance for the practical application of enhanced basalt weathering carbon sequestration technology. This study used the Tessier method, SEM, EDS, and other characterization methods to investigate the effects of enhanced basalt weathering on soil heavy metals. Our results showed that basalt weathering increased soil pH, promoting the passivation of heavy metals in soil. Most of the Cr and Ni leached from basalt were immobilized in the residual fraction by basalt weathering products and soil clay minerals. Only a small amount of Cr and Ni was detected in the effluent, indicating minimal risk of soil pollution. Furthermore, new minerals formed from the dissolution of Ca, Mg, and Fe ions released during basalt weathering, along with other weathering products, transformed soil heavy metals into stable forms, reducing their bioavailability and contributing to the remediation of soil heavy metal pollution.