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作者简介:

董黎阳,男,1988年生。硕士,工程师,主要从事古生物学与沉积学研究。E-mail:ryyuunang_919@yeah.net。

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目录contents

    摘要

    天镇地处山西北部,从早白垩世中期开始,区内古地理格局变化频繁,气候逐渐干旱。不断发现的化石材料表明,这一地区在白垩纪时曾经生存有甲龙类、鸭嘴龙类和蜥脚类恐龙。本文报道了该地区新近发现的一个暴龙类恐龙——王氏晋北龙,并对其埋藏环境进行了分析。结果表明,晋北龙为一处于中间演化阶段的暴龙超科恐龙,比雄关龙更晚分异。它的发现,表明天镇地区在晚白垩世曾经存在着一个由甲龙类、鸭嘴龙类、蜥脚类和兽脚类组成的恐龙动物群,其时代可能处于康尼亚克期至坎潘期。埋藏环境分析表明,晋北龙生前环境为环滨湖地带,死后骨架被短距离搬运,异地埋藏于静水浅湖环境中。

    Abstract

    Tianzhen is located in the north of Shanxi Province. Since the middle of the Early Cretaceous, the paleogeographic landscape in this area changed frequently and the climate became more and more arid. Continuously discovered fossil materials indicate that ankylosaurs, hadrosaurs and sauropods once existed in this area during the Cretaceous. In this article we report a newly discovered tyrannosauroid-Jinbeisaurus wangi, and analyse its burial environment. Analysis shows that Jinbeisaurus is a mid-grade tyrannosauroid and derived than Xiongguanlong,which also belongs to a mid-grade tyrannosauroid. Discovery of Jinbeisaurus indicates a dinosaur fauna composed of ankylosaurs, hadrosaurs, sauropods and theropods in Tianzhen area during the Late Cretaceous, and its age may be between the Coniacian and the Campanian.Burial environment analysis reveals that Jinbeisaurus lived in shore lake before its death, and was buried in shallow lacustrine environment after a short distance transport.

    关键词

    山西晚白垩世暴龙类埋藏滨湖环境

  • 助马堡组是分布于晋蒙交界左云、天镇及丰镇一带,由紫红色泥岩和灰绿色砂砾岩组成的一套地层,其时代为晚白垩世(山西省地质矿产,1997)。自1958年以来,在山西境内左云、天镇的助马堡组中相继发现了大量的恐龙化石,这些材料主要包括鸭嘴龙类、甲龙类、蜥脚类骨骼以及一些零散的兽脚类材料(杨钟健,1958; 庞其清等,1998; Pang Qiqing et al.,2000; Wang Runfu et al.,20132015; Xu Shichao et al.,2016; 董黎阳等,20172018a2019)。这些化石材料表明,晚白垩世,左云—天镇一带存在着一个种类丰富、数量庞大的恐龙动物群。然而,兽脚类恐龙材料的不足使得我们对这一恐龙动物群中的捕食者知之甚少,影响了对这一恐龙动物群的多样性及古生态等方面的研究。前不久,山西地质博物馆在天镇一带发现了较多兽脚类材料,这些材料主要包括一对上颌骨和与之关联的牙齿、一件不完整的右侧齿骨、两个颈椎、五个背椎及不完整的右侧耻骨(图1),标本现保存于山西地质博物馆(标本号为SXMG V0003)。经过研究,这些材料明显区别于所有已报道的暴龙类,应属于一个新属新种,其被命名为王氏晋北龙(Jinbeisauruswangi)(Wu Xiaochun et al.,2020)。这一暴龙类的发现,不仅为左云—天镇晚白垩世恐龙动物群增添了新的成员,使其古生态面貌更加清晰,同时也增加了暴龙类在亚洲的多样性,为研究暴龙类在白垩纪中后期的演化提供了重要的信息。

  • 白垩纪,东亚地区在信风和季风共同影响形成的副热带高压作用下,气候愈发干旱,但季节性、突发性的降水也时常发生(江新胜等,20032004; 曹轲等,2006; 陈军明等,2009)。自早白垩世中期开始,受晚燕山运动影响,包括山西左云、天镇在内的中国东部构造活动强烈,古地理格局变化频繁(董树文等,20082019; 万天丰,2011; 朱日祥等,20112020),生态环境多变。气候和生存环境的变化,直接影响着恐龙生存行为和死后的埋藏方式。对这一暴龙类埋藏环境的研究,有利于查明晚白垩世天镇一带的古地理环境,从而为探讨晚白垩世左云—天镇一带古环境变化以及这种变化如何影响恐龙动物群的演化提供依据。而这种探讨,必能为研究白垩纪时期恐龙与陆地环境的协同演化提供极为重要的参考信息,具有重要的科学意义。

  • 图1 王氏晋北龙化石材料

  • Fig.1 Fossil material of Jinbeisauruswangi

  • (a)、(b)—上颌骨;(c)—齿骨;(d)—颈椎;(e)—背椎;(f)—耻骨

  • (a) , (b) —Maxillae; (c) —dentary; (d) —cervial vertebra; (e) —dorsal vertebra; (f) —pubis

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 天镇位于晋冀蒙交界地带,大地构造位置属于华北板块(一级)北部,华北北缘板内活动带(二级)东侧,阳高—天镇白垩纪伸展型断陷盆地内(山西省地质矿产局,1989)。其西侧及北侧分别以采凉山断裂和阳高—天镇断裂与丰镇板隆相接,南以阁老山断裂与大同侏罗纪盆地相接,东侧及东南侧分别与怀安、阳原小型断陷盆地相邻。从早白垩世晚期开始,受晚燕山运动影响,阳高—天镇地区开始形成小型伸展断陷盆地,沉积形成下白垩统左云组砾泥岩,直接角度不整合于长城系高于庄组燧石条带白云岩之上。之后,区内经历短暂相对抬升。从晚白垩世中期开始,在重力均衡作用下,区内的变质岩结晶基底开始快速下沉,沉积形成上白垩统助马堡组砂砾岩,不整合于左云组及长城系高于庄组之上。从始新世开始,受太平洋板块向西俯冲、挤压,华北地区普遍遭受挤压抬升而处于剥蚀夷平状态,研究区内的古新统和上白垩统上部被剥蚀殆尽(万天丰,2011; 魏荣珠等,2017)。其后,中新世汉诺坝玄武岩呈席状盖于上述地层之上(山西省地质矿产局,1997; 董黎阳等,2018b)(图2)。

  • 2 王氏晋北龙的系统发育位置和暴龙超科的演化

  • Wu Xiaochun et al.(2020)通过系统发育分析表明,与郊狼暴龙(Suskityrannus)相比,王氏晋北龙体现出了与亚洲的雄关龙、帖木儿龙和二连达白苏组属种及北美的伤龙(Dryptosaurus)、阿巴拉契亚龙(Appalachiosaurus)和虐龙(Bistahieversor)相同的共近裔特征:上颌骨孔后缘呈V形; 上颌骨体腹缘凸起; 上颌骨主体后部的深度在侧视上向后逐渐变窄; 侧视上眶前窝在眶前孔中点之下覆盖了上颌骨主体的50%~60%。这些特征表明包括晋北龙在内的上述7个属种要比北美的郊狼暴龙更晚从暴龙类主干分化出来。在系统关系上,包括晋北龙在内的四个亚洲暴龙类比三个北美属距离暴龙科更远一些,亦即在演化上,亚洲的四个暴龙类要比北美三个属种更早从暴龙类主干分化出来。在亚洲属种内部,晋北龙、帖木儿龙和二连达白苏组属种比雄关龙更晚从主干分化出来,这也与它们在地史上出现更晚一致。

  • 图2 山西天镇地区地质简图

  • Fig.2 Geological sketch map of Tianzhen area, Shanxi Province

  • Ar2—太古宇; Ch—长城系; ∈O—寒武系—奥陶系; CP—石炭系-二叠系; J1-2—下、中侏罗统; K—白垩系; N1—汉诺坝玄武岩; Qp—更新统; QN—新近系-第四系; —王氏晋北龙化石点

  • Ar2—Archean; Ch—Changchengian; ∈O—Cambrian-Ordovician; CP—Carboniferous-Permian; J1-2—Lower and middle Jurassic; K—Cretaceous; N1—Hannuoba basalt; Qp—Pleistocene; QN—Neogene-Quaternary; —Jinbeisaurus wangi holotype location

  • 暴龙超科在中侏罗世已经出现,最开始体型较小,是低级的捕食者,如北美晚侏罗世的史托龙(Stokesosaurus),欧洲早白垩世的始暴龙(Eotyrannus)和中国早白垩世晚期的帝龙(Dilong)。然而到了晚白垩世末期,暴龙亚科的成员已经演化为庞然大物,成为位于食物链顶端的掠食者。来自中国和中亚地区逐渐增多的化石材料表明,侏罗纪暴龙超科的早期种类和晚白垩世末期暴龙科的成员之间存在着一类处于同一演化级的过渡类群(mid-grade tyrannosauroids)(Nesbitt et al.,2019)。Wu Xiaochun et al.(2020)通过系统发育分析表明,这些处于过渡演化级、体型中等大小的暴龙超科恐龙有:雄关龙、帖木儿龙、二连达白苏组的一个属种以及晋北龙,它们广泛分布于中国、蒙古及乌兹别克斯坦等地,生存时间从早白垩世阿普特期一直延续到晚白垩世土伦期(图3)。

  • 这些处于过渡演化级的暴龙类体积都不大,远小于白垩纪最晚期的暴龙科恐龙。其中,雄关龙成年个体最长只有4 m,体重不超过270 kg(Li Daqing et al.,2010); 帖木儿龙的体型可能与雄关龙相当(Brusatte et al.,2016); 而王氏晋北龙头骨长度可能在66 cm左右,与雄关龙接近,因此晋北龙的体型也不会很大。这些中等体型的暴龙超科属种,以及体型更小的Moros intrepidusZanno et al.,2019)不但在生存时间上,而且在体形大小上填补了暴龙超科演化史中的缺环。

  • 系统发育分析显示,北美最初的较大型暴龙超科成员(伤龙、阿巴拉契亚龙和虐龙)应源于上述个体中等大小的暴龙类。而这些分布于亚洲的过渡型暴龙类,在来自北美大陆的晚期暴龙科物种两次扩散到亚洲之前(约80 Ma)就已经灭绝了,意即,白垩纪末期生长在亚洲的两类特大型暴龙亚科类群:虔州龙—遥远分支龙(Qianzhousaurus-Alioramus)分支和诸城龙—霸王龙(Zhuchengtyrannus-Tyrannosaurus)分支是在不同时期分别从北美大陆通过白令海峡迁移回来的(图3)。然而,限于研究标本(包括晋北龙)的不完整,这一结论有待今后更完整的材料及新属种的发现来进一步证实。

  • 3 产出层位及时代

  • 晋北龙产于天镇县杨家窑附近,其产出地层为厚层的灰绿色、灰白色泥岩,夹有紫红色泥岩夹层。与其一同产出的其他恐龙有天镇大同龙Xu Shichao et al.,2016,以及一些可以归入杨氏天镇龙 Pang Qiqing et al.,1998的标本。该化石点距河北地质大学1983年所发现的不寻常华北龙Pang Qiqing et al.,2000等恐龙的化石点(康代梁)直线距离约有5 km。经我们野外详细比对,该化石层与出产不寻常华北龙的地层为同一层(图4)。

  • 王氏晋北龙与不寻常华北龙等恐龙的同层产出,表明当时它们曾构成了一个小型的恐龙动物群,这个恐龙动物群包括甲龙类的杨氏天镇龙、鸭嘴龙类的天镇大同龙、天镇山西龙、蜥脚类的不寻常华北龙以及兽脚类的王氏晋北龙。暴龙类与大型蜥脚类、鸭嘴龙类及甲龙类的组合,暗示这一恐龙动物群大体生存时代为晚白垩世中期至晚期。来自介形虫、孢粉及轮藻化石的分析数据亦表明,天镇助马堡组时代应属晚白垩世中晚期,最晚可能持续到晚白垩世坎潘期(刘俊英等,1999; Pang Qiqing et al.,2000)。然而,在天镇—阳高盆地西侧的云岗盆地内左云一带,助马堡组内则产有丰富的鸭嘴龙类、甲龙类、角龙类化石(Wang Runfu et al.,20132015; 董黎阳等,2018),表明这一恐龙组合大体生存时代为晚白垩世早期至中期。系统发育分析表明,天镇地区助马堡组内恐龙动物群中的杨氏天镇龙及天镇山西龙均显示其比左云助堡组中的甲龙类材料更为进步、天镇大同龙也体现出比左云助马堡组中的黄氏左云龙和大同云冈龙两个鸭嘴龙类进步的特征。反映天镇这一恐龙组合要比左云助马堡组内的恐龙组合更为进步,生存时代更晚。

  • 本次野外调查表明,左云地区的助马堡组与左云组为整合接触。左云组的时代被前人孢粉数据证明为早白垩世晚期阿尔布期(俞静贤,1986; 刘俊英等,1999; 董黎阳等,2018a)。因此,左云地区助马堡组时代应始于晚白垩世塞诺曼期,可能延续至康尼亚克期,天镇地区助马堡组时代晚于左云,其可能始于康尼亚克期,延续至坎潘期。

  • 4 埋藏环境分析

  • 在天镇一带,助马堡组角度不整合于下伏左云组或长城系片麻岩之上,厚50~150 m。其岩性总体可分为两段,王氏晋北龙产于上段,接近于区内所保存的助马堡组顶部。

  • 助马堡组下段为2.0~5.0 m厚的灰白色砂砾岩与近于相似厚度的紫红、砖红色泥岩互层。其中,砂砾岩均呈透镜状,内部不具叠瓦状构造而普遍发育平行层理,岩性表现为含砾岩屑长石中粗粒砂岩—砾岩,杂基含量高,砾石磨圆差—中等,分选差,砾径0.5~5.0 cm(图4b,图5a)。砾石成份有安山岩、白云岩、燧石、变质基底片麻岩以及丰富的已被搬运磨圆的恐龙化石骨骼(图4a),并常含大量灰绿色泥砾。泥岩中则见有砂砾岩小透镜体和钙质结核。这些特征表明,该段是干旱气候下洪积扇就近快速入水而形成的扇三角洲沉积,具层理的砂砾岩为扇三角洲前缘亚相水下分流河道或扇三角洲平原亚相分流河道沉积,泥岩中发育钙质结核,为扇三角洲平原亚相湖泊微相沉积。此时,天镇盆地开启新一轮的快速沉降,周边山体大量碎屑物质注入盆地而形成扇三角洲沉积。气候的干旱、盆地格局的变化导致了大量恐龙的死亡。

  • 助马堡组上段岩性表现为厚层灰绿、灰白色粉砂质泥岩,夹有紫红、砖红色泥质粉砂岩、泥岩薄层(图4c、d,图5b),反映其沉积环境为水体较浅、近于湖岸的环滨湖环境,湖深总体稳定安静,但湖岸线时进时退,沉积物间歇性暴露于空气中。此时,天镇盆地已稳定下降,湖盆面积扩大。王氏晋北龙及与其一同产出的天镇大同龙、杨氏天镇龙等骨骼均产于该段灰绿、灰白色泥岩中,化石骨骼关联性好,但单个化石骨骼末端或边缘均具有一定程度的磨损(图5c、d),揭示它们死后经历了短距离的搬运而异地埋藏。反映这些恐龙生前曾集体生存于环滨湖地带,死亡后经短距离搬运埋藏在水体变深的静水浅湖环境。

  • 图3 暴龙类各属种系统关系支序图,分支旁的数字表明这些分支有低于 100% 高于 50% 的支持度(据Wu Xiaochun et al.,2020修改)

  • Fig.3 Cladogram of Tyrannosauroidea, depicting interrelationships within the lineage (modified from Wu Xiaochun et al., 2020)

  • 图4 山西天镇地区助马堡组区域对比及化石层位对比图

  • Fig.4 Regional stratigraphic and fossil horizon correlation of Zhumapu Formation in Tianzhen area, Shanxi Province

  • 图5 山西天镇地区助马堡组岩性及化石埋藏特征

  • Fig.5 Lithologic characters and fossil taphonomy characters of Zhumapu Formation in Tianzhen area, Shanxi Province

  • (a)—助马堡组下段砂砾岩特征;(b)—王氏晋北龙化石采获现场图,显示其围岩为灰绿色泥岩;(c、d)—王氏晋北龙耻骨远端部分,显示磨损的边缘

  • (a) —Characteristics of conglomerate and sandstone of Lower Zhumapu Formation; (b) —extraction characteristics of Jinbeisaurus wangi, which host rock is gray-green mudstone; (c, d) —distal portion of the pubis of Jinbeisaurus wangi, showing the worn distal margin of the bone

  • 5 结论

  • (1)王氏晋北龙比郊狼暴龙更晚分异,在暴龙科之前就已经从暴龙类主干分化出来了。

  • (2)王氏晋北龙与亚洲的其他三个成员(雄关龙、帖木儿龙和二连达白苏组内的属种)构成一组个体中等大小的类群,它们是暴龙类从小型到大型属种发展过程中的过渡类型。且晋北龙要比同级别的雄关龙更晚从暴龙类主干分异出来。

  • (3)王氏晋北龙产于助马堡组顶部,与一同产出的天镇大同龙、不寻常华北龙、杨氏天镇龙等恐龙构成一个恐龙动物群,其生存时代为晚白垩世中-晚期,可能处于康尼亚克期至坎潘期,晋北龙为该恐龙动物群中目前唯一的肉食恐龙。

  • (4)王氏晋北龙生前环境为湖侵背景下的环滨湖地带,死后经过短途搬运而异地埋藏在静水浅湖环境。

  • 致谢:中科院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所唐治路高工在野外及室内工作给予了详细指导,资料收集过程中得到了山西地矿局217地质队孙永硕的大力支持,成文过程中得到了中科院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所尤海鲁研究员的指导,在此一并表示衷心感谢。

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    • 魏荣珠, 李好斌, 徐朝雷, 张兆琪, 刘成如. 2017. 对山西隆起区中新生代构造演化的认识. 中国地质调查, 4(1): 24~34.

    • 杨钟健. 1958. 首次在山西发现的恐龙化石. 古脊椎动物学报, 2(4): 231~236.

    • 余静贤. 1986. 晋西北左云组孢粉组合及古气候探讨. 地质论评, 32(3): 217~226.

    • 朱日祥, 陈凌, 吴福元, 刘俊来. 2011. 华北克拉通破坏的时间、范围与机制. 中国科学: 地球科学, 41(5): 583~592.

    • 朱日祥, 周忠和, 孟庆任. 2020. 华北克拉通破坏对地表地质与陆地生物的影响. 科学通报, 65: 2954~2965.

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