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作者简介:

何贵松,男,1988年生。副研究员,主要从事中国南方页岩气富集规律与勘探评价研究。E-mail:heguisong001@163.com。

通讯作者:

陈程,女,1985年生。高级工程师,主要从事油气资源探测评价研究。E-mail:272289121@qq.com。

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何贵松, 何希鹏, 高玉巧, 张培先, 万静雅, 黄小贞. 2019a. 中国南方3套海相页岩气成藏条件分析. 岩性油气藏, 39(1): 57~68.
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何贵松, 何希鹏, 万静雅, 高玉巧, 张培先. 2019b. 低勘探程度区页岩气水平井地质导向方法与应用——以渝东南地区LY1HF井为例. 科学技术与工程, 19(27): 124~133.
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何贵松, 何希鹏, 高玉巧, 万静雅, 张培先, 张勇, 高和群. 2020. 渝东南盆缘转换带金佛斜坡常压页岩气富集模式. 天然气工业, 40(6): 50~60.
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何希鹏, 高玉巧, 唐显春, 张培先, 何贵松. 2017. 渝东南地区常压页岩气富集主控因素分析. 天然气地球科学, 28(4): 654~664.
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何希鹏, 何贵松, 高玉巧, 张培先, 卢双舫, 万静雅. 2018. 渝东南盆缘转换带常压页岩气地质特征及富集高产规律. 天然气工业, 38(12): 1~14.
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何希鹏, 齐艳平, 何贵松, 高玉巧, 刘明, 张培先, 汪凯明. 2019. 渝东南构造复杂区常压页岩气富集高产主控因素再认识. 油气藏评价与开发, 9(5): 32~39.
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目录contents

    摘要

    海陆过渡相富有机质含气页岩是页岩气勘探的重要领域。利用地震、钻井、测井、分析测试等资料,选择重庆南川地区为研究对象,对我国南方四川盆地东南缘地区二叠统龙潭组页岩气勘探潜力系统评价。从沉积环境、岩性组合、有机地化、储层物性、含气性、矿物组成等页岩气成藏地质条件等方面入手,探讨了页岩气富集主控因素,优选了甜点区和甜点段。研究结果表明:① 南川地区龙潭组处于潟湖相,富有机质黑色泥页岩发育,累厚50~65 m,单层厚度26~32 m,埋深主体在1000~4000 m之间。② 地球化学指标适中,TOC含量2.0%~3.0%,Ro为2.0%~2.2%,有机质类型为Ⅲ~Ⅱ2型。③ 含气性较好,气测全烃一般3%~25.5%,含气量1.5~3.5 m3/t。④ 硅质、碳酸盐矿物等脆性矿物含量较高,具有较大页岩气勘探潜力。⑤ 龙潭组页岩气富集高产具有相带控烃、保存控富、可压控产“三控”规律,即潟湖相影响泥页岩厚度及地化指标,控制页岩气富集烃源基础;保存条件影响地层压力和滞留气含量,控制页岩气富集的程度;可压裂性影响改造体积和缝网复杂程度,控制页岩气井产量。⑥ 初步建立了南川地区龙潭组页岩气甜点区目标评价方法和标准,优选出具有一定构造稳定区面积、页岩气成藏指标较好、埋深适中的阳春沟背斜、东胜背斜为Ⅰ类区。⑦ 建立了以TOC、孔隙度、含气量、脆性矿物含量四项主要参数为指标的储层综合评价指数(RCEI),优选出潭三段为页岩气勘探甜点段,潭三段上部为水平井最优穿层靶窗。

    Abstract

    Organic matter rich gas-bearing shale in marine-continent transitional facies is an important field of shale gas exploration. Based on the data of seismic, drilling, well logging, analysis and testing, the Nanchuan area of Chongqing is selected as the research object. This paper systematically evaluates the shale gas exploration potential of the Longtan Formation in the southeastern margins of the Sichuan basin. The main controlling factors of shale gas enrichment are discussed from the aspects of sedimentary environment, lithological assemblage, organic geochemistry, reservoir physical properties, gas-bearing property, mineral composition, the desert area and desert section were selected. The results show that ① the Longtan Formation in the Nanchuan area is located in the coastal marsh facies where the black organic-rich mud shale with a thickness of 50~65 m is developed. The single layer thickness is 26~32 m and the burial depth is between 1000~4000 m. ② Geochemical indexes are moderate, TOC is 2.0%~3.0%, Ro is 2.0%~2.2%, the type of organic matter is type III~II2. ③ Gas-bearing property is good, gas logging total hydrocarbon content is 3%~25.5%, and the gas contentis 1.5~3.5 m3/t. ④ The content of brittle minerals such as siliceous and carbonate minerals is high indicating a great potential for shale gas exploration. ⑤ The enrichment and high yield of shale gas are mainly controlled by the “three conditions” of gas production condition i.e., lagoon controlling hydrocarbon, preservation controlling enrichment, and pressure controlling production. The lagoon facies affect the thickness and geochemical index of shale and control the hydrocarbon accumulation base of shale gas. Preservation conditions affect formation energy and shale gas content, and control the degree of shale gas enrichment. The fracturing property affects the reconstruction volume and the complexity of fracture network, and controls the production of shale gas wells. ⑥ The target evaluation method and standard of shale gas in the Longtan Formation of the Nanchuan area were preliminarily established. The Yangchungou anticline and the Dongsheng anticline are selected as class-I area. ⑦ The Reservoir Comprehensive Evaluation Index (RCEI), which includes TOC, porosity, gas content and brittle mineral content as four main parameters is established, and the third Member of the Longtan Formationis selected as the sweet spot for shale gas exploration, and the upper part of the third Member in the Longtan Formation is the optimal target window of horizontal well.

  • 四川盆地及周缘发育海相(下寒武统筇竹寺组、上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组)、海陆过渡相(上二叠统龙潭组)、陆相(下侏罗统大安寨段—东岳庙段)三大领域多套富有机质含气页岩地层(Guo Xusheng et al.,2018;He Guisong et al.,2019a),具备形成页岩气田的基本条件。其中,上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组海相页岩气在四川和重庆地区已成功实现大规模商业开发(Zou Caineng et al., 2015; He Xipeng et al., 2017, 2018, 2019; Gao Yuqiao et al., 2018; Xiong Xiaohui et al., 2018; Fang Zhixiong, 2019; He Guisong et al., 2019b),累计探明储量超过2.1×1012 m3;下寒武统筇竹寺组海相页岩气在四川省井研—犍为地区、湖北省宜昌地区取得单井突破。下侏罗统大安寨段—东岳庙段陆相页岩气在川东北地区取得重要进展。但作为四川盆地主力烃源岩的上二叠统龙潭组,其海陆过渡相页岩气勘探潜力评价和勘探实践相对较少,尚处于起步阶段(Bao Shujing et al.,2016;Luo Sha et al.,2017;Zhang Guotao et al.,2019;Chen Feiran et al.,2020;Liu Honglin et al., 2020; Wang Xiaolei et al.,2020;Zhao Peirong et al.,2020;Dong Dazhong et al.,2021)。

  • 国内外页岩气勘探开发实践表明,海陆过渡相页岩气资源丰富,勘探开发潜力较大。北美圣胡安盆地上白垩统Lewis页岩是典型的海陆过渡相页岩,资源量超2×1012 m3,页岩气井单井产量2831~5663m3(Dong Dazhong et al., 2021)。我国的鄂尔多斯、渤海湾、南华北等盆地也发育海陆过渡相页岩气,部分钻井测试日产气0.1×104~6×104 m3,展现出良好的勘探前景。近期,石油企业在四川盆地及周缘针对上二叠统龙潭组部署了系列先期评价工作,包括龙潭组页岩气专探井3口——SY1井、JY3井、YY1井;在川东北地区M1井、DW4井、JY3井,川东南地区NY1井、SY1井,针对龙潭组完成5井次试气工作,其中M1井开展直井射孔,测试日产气3.0×104~3.9×104 m3,JY3井开展水平井大规模加砂压裂,测试日产气8.9×104 m3,初步证实龙潭组页岩气具有较大的勘探开发潜力。

  • 针对地处四川盆地东南缘的南川地区五峰组—龙马溪组实施了70余口页岩气钻井,大部分钻井在龙潭组钻遇厚层泥页岩,气测显示活跃,分析测试显示页岩气静态指标良好,表明龙潭组是一套极具潜力的页岩气层系。但龙潭组地质特征明显有别于海相页岩气,其富集规律尚不明确,甜点区和甜点段的评价方法尚未建立,亟需开展系统的、针对性的研究,以加快实现该套层系的资源动用。鉴于此,本文以南川地区龙潭组海陆过渡相页岩气为研究对象,在前期勘探实践与研究认识基础上,充分利用钻井、分析测试、测井、地震等资料,系统开展南川地区龙潭组页岩气地质特征分析,明确龙潭组海陆过渡相页岩气地质特点,总结页岩气富集主控因素,探索建立龙潭组新类型页岩气的甜点区和甜点段优选方法,以期深化龙潭组页岩气富集规律认识, 为龙潭组海陆过渡相页岩气勘探开发提供参考。

  • 1 地质背景

  • 南川地区位于四川盆地川东高陡构造带南缘,处于盆缘过渡带,经历多期构造运动改造,以燕山中期北西向挤压、燕山晚期压扭走滑及喜马拉雅期隆升剥蚀作用最为强烈(He Xipeng et al., 2021),奠定了现今“三隆三凹”构造格局,自东向西发育石桥断洼、大石坝背斜带、袁家沟向斜、东胜背斜带、神童坝向斜、阳春沟背斜带等六个构造单元(图1)。该区地层较完整,富有机质泥页岩主要发育于上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组和上二叠统龙潭组,五峰组—龙马溪组海相页岩气已累计探明地质储量近2000×108 m3,实现了商业开发,龙潭组有望成为该区新的页岩气接替层系。

  • 2 页岩气地质特征

  • 2.1 沉积特征

  • 四川盆地在晚二叠世早期处于海陆过渡相(Liu Hu et al., 2019),总体上地形西高东低,西部以陆相碎屑岩沉积为主,东部以海相碳酸盐岩沉积为主,从康滇古陆往东依次为河流三角洲、滨岸沼泽相、潮坪-潟湖相、碳酸盐岩台地相、浅水陆棚、深水陆棚等沉积环境(图2),岩性及岩石组合纵横向变化较大。上二叠统龙潭组富有机质黑色泥页岩主要发育于潮坪-潟湖相和深水陆棚沉积环境。

  • 图1 南川地区构造位置及龙潭组地层柱状图

  • Fig.1 Tectonic location and stratigraphic column of the Longtan Formation in Nanchuan area

  • 图2 四川盆地及周缘龙潭组沉积相图(据Guo Xusheng et al.,2018修改)

  • Fig.2 Sedimentary facies map of the Longtan Formation in and around Sichuan basin (modified from Guo Xusheng et al.,2018)

  • 在晚二叠世早期,南川地区整体处于潮坪-潟湖相的东侧,东邻碳酸盐岩台地相,沉积的龙潭组岩性以灰黑色页岩为主,夹深灰色灰岩和2~5层煤线,地层厚75~83m,其中页岩累厚50~65m,灰岩累厚17~25m。其东部的涪陵—彭水地区处于碳酸盐岩台地相,岩性以灰色灰岩为主,泥页岩厚度减薄,地层厚50~92m,其中页岩累厚13~24m,灰岩累厚40~68m。其西部的东溪—丁山地区处于潮坪-潟湖相的中部,岩性以灰黑色泥岩与灰质泥岩、灰岩频繁互层为主,夹7~15层煤线,地层厚75~87m,其中泥岩及煤层合计60~65m,厚度占比80%~85%。

  • 南川地区龙潭组按照沉积旋回、岩性和电性特征,可以划分为三段(图3),由下而上分别为潭一段、潭二段、潭三段。潭一段总体为海侵体系域沉积,沉积环境主要为泥坪-泥炭沼泽微相,岩性为泥岩夹灰岩、煤岩,电性上表现为高自然伽马、低电阻率特征,由东向西厚度有增大趋势,东部的大石坝地区厚27m,中部的东胜地区厚32m,西部的阳春沟地区厚32m,灰岩夹层厚3~4m,煤层1~2层。潭二段发生海退,沉积环境为潮坪微相,岩性为灰色—深灰色灰岩,电性上表现为低自然伽马、高电阻率特征,地层厚度自东向西逐渐减薄,东部的大石坝地区厚21m,中部的东胜地区厚19~21m,西部的阳春沟地区厚13m。潭三段再次发生海侵,沉积环境为炭泥质潟湖微相,岩性为灰黑色泥岩,局部夹1~2层煤线,电性上表现为高自然伽马、低电阻率特征,该套页岩连续厚度较大,自东向西厚度逐渐增大,东部的大石坝地区厚22m,中部的东胜地区厚26~27m,西部的阳春沟地区厚32m。总体上,南川地区泥页岩集中分布于潭一段、潭三段,相比潭一段,潟湖相沉积的潭三段泥页岩内部夹层更少、岩性更均质,对页岩气地质与工程双甜点优选更为有利。

  • 图3 南川地区龙潭组综合柱状图

  • Fig.3 Comprehensive bar chart of Longtan Formation in Nanchuan area

  • 2.2 有机地化特征

  • 南川地区龙潭组泥页岩及煤层具有较高的有机质丰度和适中的热演化程度,利于生干气。南川地区380件样品总有机碳实验分析表明,龙潭组泥页岩总有机碳含量(TOC)在0.5%~4.0%之间,平均为2.0%(图3)。其中潭一段泥页岩TOC介于0.6%~4.0%,平均为2.3%,潭三段泥页岩TOC介于1.2%~2.4%,平均为2.0%。镜质组反射率(Ro)测试表明,Ro在2.03%~2.23%,平均为2.13%,表明泥页岩进入过成熟演化阶段,以生成干气为主。40件样品碳同位素分析表明,南川地区龙潭组泥页岩干酪根碳同位素介于-25.1‰~-23.8‰之间,表明有机质类型为Ⅲ~Ⅱ2型。

  • 2.3 储层物性特征

  • 前人对龙潭组储层开展了大量的研究工作(Li Juan et al., 2015; Guo Xusheng et al.,2018; Liu Hu et al., 2019; Yang Tao et al., 2019; Chen Feiran et al.,2020; Wang Xiaolei et al., 2020; Zhao Peirong et al., 2020; He Yi et al., 2021),大致将页岩孔隙分为粒间孔、粒内孔和有机孔3类,认为以无机孔为主,有机孔较少发育(Guo Xusheng et al.,2018; He Yi et al., 2021)。本文利用南川地区露头及岩屑氩离子抛光扫描电镜观察,认为龙潭组储集空间类型主要为无机孔隙、裂缝、有机孔隙三种类型,以无机孔隙为主,裂缝其次,有机孔隙局部发育。无机孔隙以黏土矿物晶间孔、溶蚀孔为主,黏土矿物晶间孔为黏土矿物集合体各层面间存在的孔隙空间,孔隙形态不规则,孔径一般为100~500nm(图4a);溶蚀孔是溶蚀作用形成的次生孔隙,多在碳酸盐矿物和长石表面出现,孔径多为50~300nm(图4b、c)。裂缝可进一步划分为微裂缝和宏观裂缝两亚类。微裂缝发育程度相对较高,主要为黏土矿物收缩缝和有机质收缩缝,缝宽0.1~10 μm不等,缝面弯曲(图4d、e);宏观裂缝主要为构造缝和层理缝,FMI成像测井解释揭示龙潭组构造缝较发育,主要发育于潭三段,东胜地区SY2井龙潭组发育4条高阻缝,1条高导缝,其中潭三段发育高阻缝3条,层理缝主要发育在潭一段和潭三段,缝宽介于0.5~2mm。有机孔隙孔径一般5~557nm,孔隙形态以椭球形为主,部分为孔径较小的球形(图4f)。龙潭组有机孔隙发育程度相对较低(图4d、e),可能与有机质类型有关:Ⅰ型或Ⅱ型干酪根易生成大量液态烃类,在液态烃裂解生干气阶段易造成有机质空间膨胀形成大量次生有机孔隙,而Ⅲ~Ⅱ2型有机质以生气为主,液态烃类较少,不利于次生有机孔隙发育,有机孔隙以有机质原生胞腔孔为主。

  • 图4 南川地区龙潭组灰黑色泥岩储集空间特征

  • Fig.4 Reservoir space characteristics of gray-black mudstone of Longtan Formation in Nanchuan area

  • (a)—黏土矿物晶间孔,孔径100~357nm;(b)—方解石溶蚀孔,孔径35~376nm;(c)—方解石溶蚀孔,孔径45~542nm;(d)—有机质收缩缝,有机质内部孔隙不发育;(e)—有机质收缩缝及黏土矿物收缩缝,有机质内部孔隙较少;(f)—有机质孔,孔径30~325nm

  • (a)—Intercrystalline pore of clay mineral, aperture100~357nm; (b)—dissolution pores of calcite, aperture35~376nm; (c)—dissolution pores of calcite, aperture45~542nm; (d)—organic matter contraction joints, internal pores of organic matter are not developed; (e)—shrinkage joints of organic matter and clay minerals, internal pores of organic matter are not developed; (f)—pores within organic matters, aperture30~325nm

  • 龙潭组以无机孔隙为主,有机孔隙发育较少的孔隙结构,与五峰组—龙马溪组以有机孔隙为主的孔隙结构有较大差异,可能会对页岩气赋存状态和含气性有一定影响。有机孔隙具有明显的亲油性,有机孔隙越发育,会增大储层的比表面积,从而增强页岩的吸附能力,气体越容易得到保存,反之则相反。

  • 露头样品物性分析测试表明南川地区龙潭组孔隙度总体较高,主要介于2%~6.38%,平均4.98%,受到样品风化的影响,测试结果可能偏大。

  • 2.4 含气性特征

  • 南川地区完钻的近70口井在上二叠统龙潭组均钻遇良好的气测异常显示,龙潭组泥岩段气测显示呈饱满的箱形,煤层气测显示呈尖峰形,潭一段和潭三段气测显示最为活跃,在南川地区由东向西含气性变好。东部的大石坝地区龙潭组埋深在900~1850m之间,泥页岩气测全烃1.5%~6.8%。中部的东胜地区龙潭组埋深在1350~2200m之间,泥页岩气测全烃3.0%~25.3%。西部的阳春沟地区龙潭组埋深在900~3200m之间,泥页岩气测全烃3.8%~24.2%。高气测异常显示一般与高TOC对应(图3),表明有机质为页岩气储集的重要场所。

  • 2.5 矿物组成及岩石力学特征

  • 全岩X射线衍射分析表明,南川地区龙潭组泥页岩脆性矿物含量较高、黏土矿物含量适中(图3),其中,石英平均含量25.3%,碳酸盐矿物平均含量37.2%,长石平均含量4.0%,黄铁矿平均含量3.1%,黏土矿物平均含量28.5%。分段统计表明,潭一段、潭三段泥页岩矿物组成差异不大。潭一段石英平均含量16.7%,碳酸盐矿物平均含量28.6%,长石平均含量4.9%,黏土矿物平均含量32.3%。潭三段石英平均含量25.1%,碳酸盐矿物平均含量23.7%,长石平均含量11.7%,黏土矿物平均含量31.1%。露头样品三轴岩石力学测试表明,龙潭组泥页岩泊松比为0.23,杨氏模量为34.1GPa,岩石力学脆性指数为51.2%,表明南川地区龙潭组泥页岩脆性较高。

  • 表1 南川地区龙潭组与龙马溪组页岩气地质参数对比

  • Table1 Comparison of shale gas geological parameters between Longtan Formation and Longmaxi Formation in Nanchuan area

  • 总体上,南川地区龙潭组泥页岩为潮坪-潟湖相沉积,富有机质黑色泥页岩发育,有机质丰度较高,热演化程度适中,储层物性和含气性较好,具有较大的页岩气勘探潜力,为重要接替层系,潭三段的页岩连续厚度、TOC、石英含量等页岩气成藏静态指标优于潭一段。与该区五峰组—龙马溪组优质页岩相比(表1),龙潭组泥页岩具有岩性组合复杂,页岩连续厚度较薄,生烃潜力较小,有机孔不发育,石英含量较低、碳酸盐矿物含量较高,含气量较低等6个地质特点。

  • 3 页岩气富集主控因素探讨

  • 页岩气富集主控因素的研究对于选区评价和有利勘探目标优选具有重要的指导意义,前期国内外学者针对页岩气富集主控因素开展了大量的研究工作,部分学者提出了“二元富集”规律(Guo Xusheng,2014),即深水陆棚优质泥页岩发育是页岩气“成烃控储”的基础,良好的保存条件是页岩气“成藏控产”的关键;部分学者提出了生烃条件、储集条件和保存条件为核心的“三元富集”理论(Wang Zhigang,2015);上述理论认识有效指导了对应地区的页岩气勘探开发,同时也反映出不同类型的页岩气具有不同的富集规律和富集主控因素,因此结合研究对象地质特点,从多因素中找出主控因素,形成页岩气富集规律认识,对于指导勘探实践意义重大(Guo Xusheng,2014)。

  • 本文在龙潭组页岩气地质特征分析和前期勘探实践的基础上,提出南川地区龙潭组页岩气富集高产具有相带控烃、保存控富、可压控产“三控”规律,其含义为:潟湖相影响泥页岩厚度及地化指标,控制页岩气富集烃源基础;保存条件影响地层压力和滞留气含量,控制页岩气富集的程度;可压裂性影响改造体积和缝网复杂程度,控制页岩气井产量。

  • 3.1 相带控烃

  • 页岩气属于自生自储成藏,其自身生烃能力的大小,决定了原始生气量的高低,控制了页岩气富集成藏的物质基础。龙潭组作为中国南方广泛分布的重要烃源岩之一,为上二叠统长兴组、下三叠统飞仙关组、下三叠统嘉陵江组等众多气藏提供了重要气源。南川地区在龙潭组沉积时期处于潮坪-潟湖相,其中页岩主要形成于潟湖相,受气候和水体控制,沉积环境相对安静,水动力相对较弱,沉积速率较慢,上部水体富营养利于浮游生物及藻类大量繁殖,下部水体盐度和密度较高,细菌大量繁殖且产生H2S,形成缺氧还原环境,黄铁矿发育,利于沉积有机质保存和富集,控制了该区页岩气富集的烃源基础。南川地区龙潭组黑色页岩累厚50~65m,单层厚度5~30m,TOC含量为1.5%~3.5%,Ro为2.03%~2.23%,有机质类型以Ⅲ~Ⅱ2型为主,生烃条件总体较好。自东向西,陆源输入增多,水体深度加深,沉积的页岩厚度逐渐增大、有机质丰度逐渐增高、热演化程度增高,反映生气条件逐渐变好。

  • 3.2 保存控富

  • 保存条件是制约页岩气成藏的关键因素之一(He Xipeng et al.,2017, 2018, 2019, 2020;Ma Yongsheng et al.,2018; Fang Zhixiong,2019;He Guisong et al.,2020),页岩气保存条件越好,则压力系数越大,滞留气量越多,页岩气富集程度越高,越利于获得高产。顶底板封闭性和构造改造作用是控制龙潭组页岩气保存条件好坏的关键因素。

  • 龙潭组底板为下二叠统茅口组四段—三段泥晶灰岩、泥质灰岩,岩性致密,厚度达60~80m,测井解释裂缝、溶孔、溶洞不发育,孔隙度和渗透率低,具有较好的封隔性。顶板为长兴组致密灰岩、泥质灰岩,厚约30~60m,封盖能力较好。从钻井揭示潭一段、潭三段气测显示活跃,也侧面反映顶底板封闭性好。总体上,龙潭组顶底板岩性致密,厚度较大,利于页岩气保存。

  • 页岩气虽然为连续性成藏,但富集成藏仍然受到构造改造作用的控制,构造越宽缓稳定、埋深越大、离目的层剥蚀区越远、断层越不发育,越利于页岩气保存和富集。南川地区受雪峰山自南东向北西挤压褶皱的影响,燕山中期开始变形,燕山晚期进一步挤压改造,喜马拉雅期至今主要是抬升剥蚀,由于构造作用较强,构造变形较强烈,断层较发育,目的层在南部出露地表,龙潭组保存条件受到一定程度破坏,处于高压—常压的过渡带,主要以常压为主。寻找常压中的相对高压,利于提高勘探成功率和单井产量。

  • 综合埋深、断层封闭性、构造样式等要素分析,认为南川地区存在相对高压的有利条件。南川地区龙潭组页岩北部与四川盆地连为一体,仅南部出露地表,页岩埋深超过1000m区域占比达85%,页岩连片分布和较大的埋深有利于页岩气保存。南川地区断层主要为挤压背景下形成的逆断层,以四级、五级断层为主,断距一般20~250m,根据FMI成像揭示南川地区龙潭组最大水平主应力方位为65°~80°,与主要断层走向近于垂直,断层封闭性相对较好。南川地区在多期构造运动作用下,形成了北部背、向斜相间分布,南部龙潭组抬升出露地表的构造特征。页岩气在烃浓度差、压力差等作用下有向高部位运移的趋势,北部构造完整的背斜,更靠近盆内,没有受到剥蚀区的影响,为页岩气运移优势指向区,背斜高部位页岩气不断得到低部位气源补充,页岩气汇聚于高部位,易于形成高压、高含气量页岩气藏。南部的斜坡区深部位由于埋深大、受剥蚀区影响减小、有一定气源补充,保存条件好于斜坡浅部位(图5)。东胜背斜带北部背斜区的SY31-2井龙潭组气测全烃一般12%~22%,南部斜坡深部位的SY2井气测全烃一般10%~15%,斜坡浅部位的SY9-1井气测全烃一般2%~4%。因此,南川地区具备由南向北保存条件和含气性逐步变好的规律,背斜保存条件优于斜坡,斜坡深部位保存条件优于浅部位。

  • 3.3 可压控产

  • 页岩的矿物质组分、岩石力学特性、地应力特征等决定了可压性,同时也控制了压裂施工的难度和改造效果,是压裂工程实现体积改造的前提,决定了赋存于地下的页岩气能否成功采出。

  • 南川地区龙潭组泥页岩黏土矿物含量32.3%、脆性矿物含量58.4%、岩石力学脆性指数为51.2%,该区五峰组—龙马溪组泥页岩黏土矿物含量33.2%、脆性矿物含量61.5%、岩石力学脆性指数为55.6%,因此,从矿物组成、岩石力学参数对比来看,龙潭组泥页岩为脆性地层,脆性与五峰组—龙马溪组基本相当,差别在于硅质矿物含量减少,碳酸盐矿物含量增大,总体利于压裂缝起裂和横向延伸。但是龙潭组岩性组合复杂,发育泥夹灰、泥夹煤等多种岩性组合,灰岩的泊松比为0.2,杨氏模量为49GPa,地应力比相邻泥页岩高4~5MPa,煤层的泊松比为0.37,杨氏模量为6.7GPa,地应力比相邻泥页岩低1~3MPa,因此夹层岩石力学及地应力特征明显有别于泥页岩,夹层的出现将导致压裂缝纵向延伸受阻,形成复杂缝网难度增大,压裂改造体积受限,难以充分动用页岩气资源。因而,可压裂性是影响改造体积和缝网复杂程度,控制页岩气单井产量的关键因素,水平井需避开夹层对压裂造缝的影响,同时需开展针对性的压裂改造工艺优化,以实现体积改造最大化。

  • 4 龙潭组甜点区与甜点段优选

  • 4.1 甜点区优选

  • 目前,从龙潭组页岩气勘探认识来看,其地质条件与五峰组—龙马溪组等海相页岩气具有较大差异,因此海相页岩气的页岩气选区评价方法和标准无法满足龙潭组海陆过渡相页岩气评价需求,需结合龙潭组地质特点,建立适用于海陆过渡相页岩气的评价方法和标准,以优选甜点区,指导页岩气勘探开发。

  • 图5 东胜背斜带龙潭组页岩气富集模式图

  • Fig.5 Map of shale gas enrichment pattern in Longtan Formation of Dongsheng anticline

  • 根据龙潭组页岩气地质特点和富集主控因素,结合前人研究成果(Xi Zhaodong et al.,2018;He Xipeng et al.,2020),从烃源基础、保存条件、可压裂性、经济开采四个方面,优选出泥页岩单层厚度、非泥页岩夹层占比、地层压力系数、构造样式、含气量等12项关键参数,以及有机质类型、离剥蚀边界距离、顶底板、断层发育情况、裂缝发育情况等10项辅助参数,初步建立了南川地区龙潭组页岩气目标评价标准(表2)。Ⅰ类区是指页岩气富集程度较高,可压性和经济可采性较好的区域;Ⅱ类区是指页岩气富集程度一般,可压性和经济可采性较差的区域;Ⅲ类区为现今技术条件下没有开发价值的区域。

  • 根据目标评价标准,南川地区优选出阳春沟背斜、东胜背斜为Ⅰ类甜点区(图6),面积201km2,资源量约804×108 m3。阳春沟背斜、东胜背斜龙潭组黑色富有机质泥页岩发育,累计厚度50~60m,潭三段单层页岩厚26~32m,TOC大于2%的连续页岩厚22m,TOC为2.0%~3.0%,Ro为2.0%~2.2%,烃源基础优越;为正向构造、背斜形态完整、断层不发育、页岩埋深适中(2000~3500m)、顶底板封闭性好、预测压力系数1.10~1.25,保存条件较好;非泥页岩占比0%~5%,脆性矿物含量为50%~60%,脆性指数为50%~55%,可压裂性较好;地表主要为丘陵,交通方便,水源充足,管网、设施较齐全。

  • 4.2 甜点段优选

  • 海陆过渡相页岩层系中普遍存在碳酸盐岩、砂岩、煤层等众多夹层,页岩分布不连续,单层厚度较薄,页岩气勘探开发甜点段和水平井靶窗优选难度大。丁山地区SY1井龙潭组地层厚87m,泥质灰岩、灰质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、煤层等夹层厚45m,页岩累计厚度42m,单层厚度一般3~5m,造成甜点段优选困难,同时黏土矿物含量较高(50%~55%),试气效果较差。因此,龙潭组的甜点段优选,必须考虑地质甜点与工程甜点一体化,尽力避开夹层对压裂造缝的影响,实现体积改造最大化。

  • 表2 南川地区龙潭组页岩气目标评价标准

  • Table2 Evaluation criteria for shale gas selection of Longtan Formation in Nanchuan area

  • 图6 南川地区龙潭组页岩气甜点区综合评价图

  • Fig.6 Comprehensive evaluation diagram of shale gas dessert area of Longtan Formation in Nanchuan area

  • 图7 南川地区龙潭组页岩气甜点段评价综合柱状图

  • Fig.7 Comprehensive bar chart of shale gas dessert section of Longtan Formation in Nanchuan area

  • 在前期勘探实践和研究认识基础上,优选TOC、孔隙度、含气量、脆性矿物含量四项主要参数,将上述参数测井解释结果归一化后求和,建立储层综合评价指数(Reservoir comprehensive evaluation index,简称RCEI),以此评价储层品质,当RCEI≥50%时,为一类储层;当RCEI介于40%~50%之间时,为二类储层;当RCEI介于30%~40%时,为三类储层;当RCEI≤30%时,为非储层。

  • 评价表明,南川地区潭三段泥岩连续厚度26~32m,内部没有夹层,利于压裂缝纵向延伸和储层均匀改造,有机质丰度高、储层物性好、天然缝较发育,脆性矿物含量高、黏土矿物含量适中、气测异常显示活跃、含气量高,总体为一类储层,是龙潭组页岩气勘探甜点段。潭三段上部RCEI最高,可以作为后期页岩气开发过程中水平井钻探最优穿层靶窗(图7)。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)南川地区龙潭组泥页岩为潟湖相沉积,富有机质黑色页岩发育,有机质丰度较高,热演化程度适中,储层物性和含气性较好,具有较大的页岩气勘探潜力,为重要接替层系,自东向西,页岩气成藏条件变好。

  • (2)龙潭组页岩气富集高产具有相带控烃、保存控富、可压控产“三控”规律,即潟湖相影响泥页岩厚度及地化指标,控制页岩气富集烃源基础;保存条件影响地层压力和滞留气含量,控制页岩气富集的程度;可压裂性影响改造体积和缝网复杂程度,控制页岩气井产量。

  • (3)根据龙潭组页岩气地质特点和富集主控因素,初步建立了龙潭组页岩气甜点区评价方法和标准,优选出阳春沟背斜、东胜背斜为有利目标。

  • (4)优选TOC、孔隙度、含气量、脆性矿物含量四项主要参数,建立了储层综合评价指数,明确潭三段为页岩气勘探甜点段,潭三段上部为水平井最优穿层靶窗。

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    • Liu Honglin, Wang Huaichang, Zhang Hui, Zhao Weibo, Liu Yan, Liu Dexun. 2020. Geological characteristics and exploration counter measures of shale gas in the Shanxi Formation of the Ordos basin. Acta Geologica Sinica, 94(3): 905~915 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Liu Hu, Cao Taotao, Qi Minghui, Wang Dongqiang, Deng Mo, Cao Qinggu, Cheng Bin, Liao Zewen. 2019. Reservoir characteristic of Longtan Formation shale gas in Huayingshan area eastern Sichuan basin. Natural Gas Geoscience, 30(1): 11~25 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Luo Sha, Wang Lingxia, Shi Fulun, Tang Xiangui. 2017. Potentiality exploration of the Longtan Formation coal shale gas in southwestern Guizhou Province. Science Technology and Engineering, 17(22): 162~168 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Ma Yongsheng, Cai Xunyu, Zhao Peirong. 2018. China's shale gas exploration and development: understanding and practice. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 45(4): 561~574 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wang Xiaolei, Cao Zhengjie, Yang Qiangqiang, Mao Rui, Ning Chuang, Wang Hongyu, Zhao Quan, Liang Jialin, Wang Zhen, Chen Jiaxin. 2020. Study on the accumulation conditions of shale gas in Longtan Formation in eastern Sichuan basin. Science Technology and Engineering, 20(20): 8139~8145 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Wang Zhigang. 2015. Breakthrough of Fuling shale gas exploration and development and its inspiration. Oil & Gas Geology, 36(1): 1~6 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Xiong Xiaohui, Wang Jian, Xiong Guoqing, Wang Zhengjiang, Men Yupeng, Zhou Xiaolin, Zhou Yexing, Yang Xiao, Deng Qi. 2018. Shale gas geological characteristics of Wufeng and Longmaxi Formations in northeast Chongqing and its exploration direction. Acta Geologica Sinica, 92(9): 1948~1958 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • Xi Zhaodong, Tang Shuheng, Wang Jing, Zhang Zhen, Li Yanpeng, Gong Minghui, Xiao Heqi. 2018. Evaluation parameters study of selecting favorable shale gas areas in southern China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 92(6): 1313~1323 (in Chinese with English abstract).

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    • Zou Caineng, Yang Zhi, Zhu Rukai, Zhang Guosheng, Hou Lianhua, Wu Songtao, Tao Shizhen, Yuan Xuanjun, Dong Dazhong, Wang Yuman, Wang Lan, Huang Jinliang, Wang Shufang. 2015. Progress in China's unconventional oil & gas exploration and development and theoretical technologies. Acta Geologica Sinica, 89(6): 979~1007 (in Chinese with English abstract).

    • 包书景, 林拓, 聂海宽, 任收麦. 2016. 海陆过渡相页岩气成藏特征初探: 以湘中坳陷二叠系为例. 地学前缘, 23(1): 44~53.

    • 陈斐然, 魏祥峰, 刘珠江, 敖明冲, 燕继红. 2020. 四川盆地二叠系龙潭组页岩孔隙发育特征及主控因素. 天然气地球科学, 31(11): 1593~1602.

    • 董大忠, 邱振, 张磊夫, 李树新, 张琴, 李星涛, 张素荣, 刘翰林, 王玉满. 2021. 海陆过渡相页岩气层系沉积研究进展与页岩气新发现. 沉积学报, 39(1): 29~45.

    • 方志雄. 2019. 中国南方常压页岩气勘探开发面临的挑战及对策. 油气藏评价与开发, 9(5): 1~13.

    • 高玉巧, 蔡潇, 张培先, 何贵松, 高全芳, 万静雅. 2018. 渝东南盆缘转换带五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气储层孔隙特征与演化. 天然气工业, 38(12): 15~25.

    • 郭旭升. 2014. 南方海相页岩气“二元富集”规律——四川盆地及周缘龙马溪组页岩气勘探实践认识. 地质学报, 88(7): 1209~1218.

    • 郭旭升, 胡东风, 刘若冰, 魏祥峰, 魏富彬. 2018. 四川盆地二叠系海陆过渡相页岩气地质条件及勘探潜力. 天然气工业, 38(10): 11~18.

    • 何贵松, 何希鹏, 高玉巧, 张培先, 万静雅, 黄小贞. 2019a. 中国南方3套海相页岩气成藏条件分析. 岩性油气藏, 39(1): 57~68.

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    • 何希鹏, 高玉巧, 唐显春, 张培先, 何贵松. 2017. 渝东南地区常压页岩气富集主控因素分析. 天然气地球科学, 28(4): 654~664.

    • 何希鹏, 何贵松, 高玉巧, 张培先, 卢双舫, 万静雅. 2018. 渝东南盆缘转换带常压页岩气地质特征及富集高产规律. 天然气工业, 38(12): 1~14.

    • 何希鹏, 齐艳平, 何贵松, 高玉巧, 刘明, 张培先, 汪凯明. 2019. 渝东南构造复杂区常压页岩气富集高产主控因素再认识. 油气藏评价与开发, 9(5): 32~39.

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    • 李娟, 于炳松, 夏响华, 田玉昆, 李英烈, 周惠, 马勇胜. 2015. 黔西北地区上二叠统龙潭组泥页岩储层特征. 地学前缘, 22(1): 301~311.

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    • 刘虎, 曹涛涛, 戚明辉, 王东强, 邓模, 曹清古, 程斌, 廖泽文. 2019. 四川盆地东部华蓥山地区龙潭组页岩气储层特征. 天然气地球科学, 30(1): 11~25.

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    • 王志刚. 2015. 涪陵页岩气勘探开发重大突破与启示. 石油与天然气地质36(1): 1~6.

    • 熊小辉, 王剑, 熊国庆, 汪正江, 门玉澎, 周小琳, 周业鑫, 杨潇, 邓奇. 2018. 渝东北地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气地质特征及其勘探方向探讨, 地质学报, 92(9): 1948~1958.

    • 郗兆栋, 唐书恒, 王静, 张振, 李彦朋, 龚明辉, 肖何琦. 2018. 中国南方海相页岩气选区关键参数探讨. 地质学报, 92(6): 1313~1323.

    • 杨滔, 曾联波, 聂海宽, 冯动军, 包汉勇, 王濡岳. 2019. 湘中坳陷海陆过渡相页岩吸附能力及控制因素. 岩性油气藏, 31(2): 105~114.

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    • 赵培荣, 高波, 郭战峰, 魏志红. 2020. 四川盆地上二叠统海陆过渡相和深水陆棚相页岩气的勘探潜力. 石油实验地质, 42(3): 335~344.

    • 邹才能, 杨智, 朱如凯, 张国生, 侯连华, 吴松涛, 陶士振, 袁选俊, 董大忠, 王玉满, 王岚, 黄金亮, 王淑芳. 2015. 中国非常规油气勘探开发与理论技术进展. 地质学报, 89(6): 979~1007.

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