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作者简介:

李相博,男,1965年生。博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事陆相盆地沉积与石油地质研究工作。E-mail:lixiangbo911@sina.com。

通讯作者:

黄军平,男,1983年生。硕士,高级工程师,主要从事沉积地球化学方面的研究工作。E-mail:huang_jp@petrochina.com.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    鄂尔多斯盆地是我国陆上最主要的油气盆地之一,三叠系延长组是该盆地的主要含油层位。本文通过大量野外露头及钻井岩芯观察与实测,结合室内鉴定分析,系统研究了延长组沉积时的古气候环境及沉积特征,取得了如下认识:① 延长组沉积时期,气候具有三分性:早期为干旱环境;中期转变为温暖潮湿气候环境,生物繁盛,是烃源岩发育的最有利时期;晚期再次转变为半干旱—半湿润气候环境;② 受干旱气候控制,延长组早期与晚期无大面积汇水区存在,洪水事件主导了盆地中心地区大规模砂体的形成与分布,尤其洪水的接力搬运与多次分选可能是造成延长组砂岩粒级普遍较细的主因;③ 延长组发育干旱与潮湿两种环境沉积模式,前者以低位域河流扇体系为特征,后者以湖侵期河流-三角洲-湖泊-重力流体系为特色;④ 干旱环境低位域河流扇砂体与潮湿环境水进域富含有机质泥岩相匹配,形成了延长组“满盆含砂、满凹含油”的特征。该研究发展了大型坳陷湖盆的沉积模式,对丰富陆相盆地沉积理论认识及指导油气勘探实践均有积极意义。

    Abstract

    Ordos basin is one of the most important oil and gas basins on land in China. The Yanchang Formation of Triassic is the main oil-bearing horizon of the basin. In this paper, based on the observation and measurement of a large number of field outcrops and drilling core data, combined with indoor identification and analysis, the paleoclimatic environment and sedimentary characteristics of the Yanchang Formation are systematically studied, and the following cognitions are obtained: ① In the sedimentary period of the Yanchang Formation, the climate is divided into three parts: the early stage is arid environment; the middle stage is transformed into a biologically rich warm and humid climate environment, which isthe most favorable period for the development of source rocks; the later stage is transformed into semi-arid-semi-humid climate environment. ② Controlled by arid climate, there is no large-scale catchment area in the early and late stage of the Yanchang Formation. Flood events dominated the formation and distribution of large-scale sand bodies in the central area of the basin, especially the relay transport and multiple sorting of floods may be the main reason for the generally fine grain size of sandstone in the Yanchang Formation. ③ There are two environmental sedimentary models of drought and humidity in the Yanchang Formation.The former is characterized by the fluvial fan system in the low stand system tract and the latter is characterized by the fluvial-delta-lake-gravity flow system in the lake transgression period. ④ Fluvial fan sand bodies in arid environment low-stand system tract match with the rich organic mudstones in wet environment transgressive system tract, forming the characteristics of the Yanchang Formation, which is full of sand and oil. This study completely changed the traditional understanding that the “Large Depression Model” was dominated by “delta model” in the past. It has a positive significance for enriching the theoretical understanding of continental basin sedimentation and guiding oil and gas exploration practice in China.

  • 气候环境对内陆湖盆沉积作用具有重要控制作用,干旱气候与潮湿气候环境下的陆源碎屑沉积充填模式显著不同,其实例在国内外古代与现代沉积中比比皆是(Nichols et al.,1998; Zavala et al.,2001; Donselaar et al.,2013; 高志勇等,2015; 刘瑾,2017; 庞红丽,2017; 李小妹等,2019; 张昌民等,2019)。

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地是我国陆上最主要的油气盆地之一,中上三叠统延长组是主要含油层段。长期以来,人们一直认为延长组沉积时期主要为“内陆-坳陷-潮湿”环境,并建立了潮湿背景下的大型坳陷湖盆三角洲沉积模式(武富礼等,2004)。毋容置疑,该模式指导鄂尔多斯盆地延长组油气勘探取得了巨大成功(付金华等,2005; 邓秀芹等,2011)。然而,随着勘探与研究工作的深入,出现了如下令人困惑的几个地质问题:一是,以往认为延长组存在东北、西北、西南及南部等多个物源供给的三角洲体系,所编制的沉积相图为一种“满盆三角洲模式”,并且在每个三角洲上都发育大规模的平原分流河道砂体。然而,这一情况与现代沉积相悖,青海湖、洞庭湖等现代沉积考察表明,一个湖泊最多发育1~2个主水系及相关三角洲体系,且三角洲平原主要以泥岩沉积为主。事实上,进入新世纪以来,愈来愈多的研究证明,由于三角洲平原位于陆上至浅水环境,沉降幅度小,分流河道中的沉积物“过路不停”,因而平原环境沉积物厚度很薄,前缘环境沉积物厚度大(Gani et al.,2005)。由此看来,以往延长组三角洲沉积特征与沉积模式的证据不够充分,有必要重新认识。二是,延长组沉积相带分异不明显,未见明显边缘相带沉积。除盆地西南缘一隅在延长组中上部发育砂砾岩粗粒相带沉积外(即著名的平凉崆峒山砾岩; 杨华等,2013),在现今鄂尔多斯盆地范围内(盆地本部面积约25万 km2),基本以中细粒砂岩沉积为主,很少见到边缘粗粒相带沉积。三是,整个延长组沉积具有“满盆含砂”特征,一些研究者曾经试图用“坡折带”(李树同等,2008; 李相博等,2011)、“浅水三角洲”(刘自亮等,2015)、“敞流湖盆三角洲”(邹才能等,2008)及“异重流”(杨仁超等,20152017)等理论认识来解释,但这些观点与认识大多数都是针对某一具体层段(如长6段)或局部地带(如陇东地区)提出的,不一定适合于整个延长组的沉积学解释。

  • 实际上,上述问题很难用传统的常规湖盆三角洲模式来解释。本文认为中晚三叠世,包括鄂尔多斯盆地在内的整个华北地区可能为一种干湿交替演变的气候环境,由于不同气候环境下的沉积特征存在差异,过去试图用一种沉积环境来解释延长组中所有的沉积现象显然是不可能的。鉴于此,本文基于大量的野外露头详细观察描述与分析化验资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组沉积时的古气候环境、沉积特征、沉积相与沉积模式进行了重新研究,试图建立一种新的大型坳陷湖盆沉积充填模式,以期为该区今后的油气勘探部署提供科学依据。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地位于华北板块西部,地跨陕西、甘肃、宁夏、山西和内蒙古五省区,现今周围分别被北部阴山山系、南部秦岭山系、东部吕梁山系和西部贺兰-六盘山山系所限,面积超过 37×104 km2。原型盆地恢复表明,中晚三叠世时期,盆地范围更广,面积更大,是一个西与河西走廊相连,东与南华北地区相通,南到秦岭-祁连造山带,北抵阴山脚下超大型不对称内陆坳陷盆地(刘化清等,2013)。

  • 现今的鄂尔多斯盆地构造形态总体显示为一东翼宽缓、西翼陡窄的不对称大向斜盆地,前人根据重磁电特征、基岩埋深及现今构造特征等,将盆地划分为西缘逆冲带、天环坳陷、陕北斜坡、晋西挠折带及渭北隆起等构造单元(图1a),其中陕北斜坡构造简单,地层产状平缓,地层倾角小于1°,是盆地的主要构造单元(杨俊杰,2002)。

  • 三叠系是盆地主要沉积盖层之一,主要由下统、中统及上统组成。中下统刘家沟组、和尚沟组和纸坊组是一套干旱环境下的河流-湖泊相红层沉积建造,沉积厚度大,但湖盆面积小、水体浅,不含烃源岩。中统上段-上统延长组为一套连续分布的、厚度达千余米的碎屑岩岩系(1000~1500 m; 杨俊杰,2002),自下而上可划分长10~长1共10个油层组(段)(图1b)。其中长10到长8 油层组为湖盆形成期(后文简称延长组早期); 长7油层组为最大湖泛期(后文也称延长组中期),发育了盆地内最主要的一套烃源岩系-张家滩页岩; 长6到长1油层组为湖盆逐步萎缩、沼泽化与消亡的过程(后文简称延长组晚期)。由于中晚三叠世盆地经历了印支运动隆升改造,延长组顶、底均为构造不整合面限制。

  • 2 延长组沉积时古气候干湿交替演变的证据

  • 过去认为,鄂尔多斯盆地在早中三叠世(刘家沟组、和尚沟组和纸坊组沉积时期)处于干旱炎热气候环境,晚三叠世(延长组沉积时期)转变为温暖潮湿气候(陈飞等,2009; 谭聪,2019)。本文在延长组露头剖面上发现了多层代表不同气候环境的古土壤及风成沉积,结合前人研究资料,认为只有延长组中期为温暖潮湿气候,而延长组早期属于干旱气候环境,晚期属于半干旱—半湿润气候。

  • 2.1 延长组早期、晚期干旱气候环境的证据

  • 2.1.1 古土壤证据

  • 古土壤层(根土岩)是一个没有明显沉积作用与剥蚀作用的间断面,代表先前的沉积物在被后来的沉积物埋藏之前经受了一定程度的土壤化作用,是地层长期暴露的标志(叶良苗等,1991; 林又玲,2001)。

  • 本次通过对陕北地区多条露头剖面(宜川仕望河、延河)观察与实测,在延长组下部的长10~长8及上部的长6~长1共发现了10余层古土壤。它们主要分布在河流相沉积韵律的最上部洪泛平原或者天然堤环境,少数赋存在三角洲前缘或滨浅湖上(图1b、图2、图3)。

  • 这些古土壤除个别可能为潮湿环境下形成外(详见2.2节),大部分具有干旱环境的特征:① 古土壤呈现黄色与淡黄色,与下部灰绿色原岩有明显差异; ② 岩石普遍呈疏松状,固结程度低,层理不发育; ③ 见零星分布的植物根系、垂直虫孔等生物遗迹化石,常伴生有钙质或铁质结核等; ④ 个别层段还发育风成沉积或铁质氧化层以及可能由大气淡水淋滤长石所形成的高岭土黏土层等(罗忠等,2007); ⑤ 古土壤顶部有时被浅覆水环境下的薄层有机质层(如炭屑、植物碎片、炭质泥岩及劣质煤线等)所覆盖。上述古土壤层颜色、层理构造、生物遗迹等特征均代表干旱环境下沉积物(岩石)土壤化作用的结果(尹国勋等,1996),下面以古土壤最发育的长10油层组为例加以说明。

  • 图1 鄂尔多斯盆地构造单元与延长组地层发育情况

  • Fig.1 Tectonic units and the development of Yanchang Formation in Ordos basin

  • (a)—盆地位置及构造单元;(b)—延河剖面延长组沉积相与古土壤分布

  • (a) —basin location and structural units; (b) —distribution of sedimentary facies and paleosols of Yanchang Formation in Yanhe section

  • 在露头剖面上,长10油层组古土壤有多层,与河流相沉积间互出现(图3a、b),其沉积物主要由紫红色、灰紫色、杂色粉砂质泥岩与泥质粉砂岩组成,呈疏松状,层理模糊,自上而下可见完整或不完整古土壤剖面结构:植物根迹层(A层)、光性黏土膜(clay skin)与钙质结核层共存的淀积层(B层)及微风化层(C层; 林又玲,2001),单个土壤剖面厚度50~200 cm,往下过渡为具有明显层理的杂色泥质粉砂岩,往上与河道砂岩呈冲刷突变接触。这一特征指示古土壤的形成是在两次河流沉积作用的间歇期进行的,由于新一期河流的沉积作用导致了前一期土壤化作用的终止。

  • 长10油层组古土壤中钙质结核十分发育,它们赋存在灰紫色、暗紫红色、局部夹有灰绿色的泥岩中,大多为近似圆形或椭圆形,直径4~8 cm不等(图3c~e)。在现代干旱环境古土壤中,钙质结核层的顶部深度与年均降雨量具较好的线性关系(图3f),而且由于成壤钙质结核层在成岩过程具较高的稳定性(林又玲,2001),抗压实能力较强,因此可以利用古土壤的钙质结核来大致分析成壤期的年均降雨量。长10油层组钙质结核层的顶界普遍位于距离古土壤层顶面50 cm以内的近地表范围内(图3c~e)。根据图3f可推测出年均降雨量小于 500 mm,属于极度干旱气候环境。另外,Gardner(1972)曾经认为,古土壤中成熟钙质结核需 1~10 ka 才能形成(Gardner,1972; 吴贤涛等,1998),由此可见,长10油层组中单个古土壤剖面的形成时间在1~10 ka之间,亦即两次河流沉积作用之间的相隔时间长达1~10 ka,由此可见,当时的降雨量十分稀少,可能属于极度干旱环境。

  • 图2 延河剖面延长组长9~长4+5油层组古土壤露头照片

  • Fig.2 Paleosol outcrops from 9th to 4+5th Member of Yanchang Formation in Yanhe section

  • (a)—长9顶部古土壤层;(b)—照片a的局部放大,灰绿色泥质粉砂岩中见零星分布垂直生长植物根系;(c)—照片a的局部放大,薄层红色泥质粉砂岩,指示氧化暴露面;(d)—长7顶面古土壤层;(e)—照片d的局部放大,黑色泥质粉砂岩中见大量植物根系,虫孔等;(f)—长62顶面古土壤层;(g)—照片f的局部放大,淡黄色泥质粉砂岩中见零星分布植物根系;(h)—长4+5顶部古土壤层;(i)—照片h的局部放大,现象同照片g; 白色双向箭头及数字表示古土壤层的位置及厚度

  • (a) —the paleosol layer on the top of Chang 9; (b) —the partial magnification of photo a, vertical growing plant roots are found in the gray-green argillaceous siltstone; (c) —the partial magnification of photo a, thin layer of red argillaceous siltstone, indicating the exposed surface of oxidation; (d) —the ancient soil layer on the top of Chang 7; (e) —the partial magnification of the photo d, there are a lot of plant roots, wormholes, etc. in the black argillaceous siltstone; (f) —the paleosol layer on the top of Chang 62; (g) —the partial magnification of the photo f, there are scattered plant roots in the pale yellow argillaceous siltstone; (h) —the paleosoils on the top of Chang 4+5; (i) —the partial magnification of photo h, the phenomenon is the same as photo g; the white two-way arrow and the number indicate the position and thickness of the paleosol layer

  • 总体而言,从长10到长1油层组,古土壤颜色的红色化程度逐渐减弱,转变为黄色、淡黄色、浅灰色,钙质结核也有所减少,这些特征均表明气候干旱程度有所降低。这与前人在现今鄂尔多斯盆地东缘豫西地区的发现与研究基本是一致的(王道生等,2005)。豫西地区济源盆地由下而上广泛发育中上三叠统油房庄组、椿树腰组及谭庄组湖相沉积,其中油房庄组与鄂尔多斯盆地延长组纸坊组上部地层相当,椿树腰组、谭庄组与延长组长10~长1地层相当(豫西地区与鄂尔多斯盆地中晚三叠世地层对比方案有争议,本文采用的是“2021年中晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地与秦岭造山带构造-沉积连接及其体制转化野外现场研讨会”专家意见)。研究表明,油房庄组、椿树腰组与谭庄组均发育众多古土壤露头及象征干旱环境的钙质结核,前人认为油房庄组-椿树腰组沉积时期属于炎热干燥环境,谭庄组沉积时期转变为半干旱、半潮湿环境(王道生等,2005)。

  • 2.1.2 风成沉积证据

  • 风成沉积主要发育于沙漠、海岸、河岸以及湖岸等环境,不同环境其沉积物特征有所不同,表现在砂岩颜色、沉积构造、颗粒表面特征等多个方面(龚政等,2015)。在典型沙漠地区,由于遭受了高能风成环境下的风力搬运过程,石英颗粒一般具有较好的磨圆度,并发育撞击坑、上翻解理薄片等现象; 但在干旱环境下的河岸或湖岸地区,由于搬运距离较小,沉积物碎屑颗粒结构成熟度和矿物成熟度低,石英颗粒表面的风成特征一般也不明显(龚政等,2015),主要以风水交互作用沉积(wind-water interactions)或风水复合地貌为特征,可见大型近似板状或楔状的交错层理(其典型特征是前积层倾角较大,同一层系内所有纹层向一端收敛,并与层系底界呈切线接触)和小型沙纹交错层理(Zavala et al.,2001; 庞红丽等,2012; 龚政等,2015; 刘瑾等,2017; 李小妹等,2019)。

  • 通过实地观察,在延河剖面延长组下部长10~长9段发现具有沙丘沉积构造的砂岩(图4)及典型风水交互作用沉积。其中具沙丘沉积构造的砂岩比较纯净,缺少泥砾、植物碎片等河流沉积中常见的冲刷沉积现象,普遍发育纹层向一端收敛的典型风成楔状交错层理(图4),交错层中的前积层上倾角较大,可达30°,而顺坡向下角度减小,与下界面即层系底界近于水平相切,呈切线接触(图4a、b); 砂岩层理厚度较小,一个单斜层理厚度从几厘米到几十厘米不等,横向延伸稳定,在露头上可见一个层理侧向延伸数十米甚至上百米(图4)。风水交互作用沉积表现为风成砂丘之间存在间歇性的流水活动,其标志是砂丘之间常常发育河道冲刷泥砾,这些现象一方面揭示了流水和风力作用在时间上的交错与空间上的叠加特征,另一方面也意味着其形成过程主要发生在干旱湖盆或季节性河流边缘的沙丘地带。

  • 图3 仕望河剖面延长组长10油层组古土壤特征

  • Fig.3 Palaeosol characteristics of 10th Member of Yanchang Formation in Shiwanghe section

  • (a)—古土壤露头宏观照片;(b)—照片a的局部解释;(c、d)—位于古土壤层顶面的钙质结核;(e)—钙质结核内部结构;(f)—降雨量与土壤层钙质结核层顶面深度之间的关系(据林又玲,2001); 图中白色双向箭头及数字表示古土壤层的位置及厚度,红色箭头指示钙质结核分布处

  • (a) —macro photo of paleosoil; (b) —partial explanation of photo (a) ; (c, d) —calcareous nodules on the top surface of the paleosol layer; (e) —internal structure of calcareous nodules; (f) —the relationship between rainfall and the depth of the top surface of the soil layer of calcareous nodules (after Lin Youling, 2001) ; the white two-way arrows and numbers in the figure indicate the position and thickness of the paleosol layer, and the red arrows indicate where the calcareous nodules are distributed

  • 2.1.3 稀土微量元素证据

  • 在我国中新生代陆相盆地中,Sr/Cu、Sr/Ba和Th/ U等值被广泛用于古气候与古环境的恢复。通常情况是,Sr/Cu≤10 指示温湿气候,>10指示干热气候(Lerman,1978; 付金华等,2018); Sr/Ba值<1指示陆相淡水沉积物(半咸水相介于1.0~0.6 之间,微咸水相<0.6),>1指示盐湖(海相)沉积物(邓宏文等,1993); Th/U值越小,揭示盐度越高(付金华等,2018)。

  • 延长组早期长8~长10与晚期长1~长6 Sr/Cu值分布范围与该区下伏地层中三叠统纸坊组“红层沉积”接近(表1),虽然它们的均值均小于10,但其最大值都超过10,其中长1~长6最大值为96.06,指示干热气候。Th/U值揭示长1~6和长8~10盐度明显高于长7(表1),同样指示了延长组早期与晚期为干旱环境。此外,Sr/Ba值也大致反映了延长组早期与晚期气候相对干旱的特征。

  • 其实,延长组早期与晚期为相对干旱环境已被其他越来越多的研究所证实,例如,罗顺社等(2008)通过对姬塬地区长8泥岩样品微量元素Sr/Ba比值的研究,发现Sr/Ba比值变化于0.1~0.4,平均0.24,显示湖泊水体为微咸水。最近,谭聪(2018)系统测试了盆地中下三叠统Sr/Ba变化规律,发现长10油层组与下伏地层纸坊组一样,具有较高盐度。水体盐度的变化与气候环境有关,较高盐度被认为是气候干旱、蒸发量大造成的(邓宏文等,1993)。此外,张新建等(2004)利用稀土微量元素研究证实,延长组晚期为半干旱—半湿润环境。

  • 图4 延长组风成沙丘露头照片

  • Fig.4 Outcrop photos of Aeolian sands in Yanchang Formation

  • (a)—风成沙丘全貌,发育向一端收敛的楔状交错层理,长9,延河剖面;(b)—照片a的局部解释;(c、d)—照片a的局部放大,红色短箭头处指示纹层与层系底界成切线接触,并且缺少泥砾、植物碎片等河流沉积中的常见的冲刷沉积现象,砂岩相对纯净,这是风成交错层理的典型特征

  • (a) —overall view of eolian sand dunes, with wedge-shaped cross-bedding that converges to one end, Chang 9, Yanhe section; (b) —partial interpretation of photo a; (c, d) —partial magnification of photo a, the short red arrow indicates that the lamina is in tangential contact with the bottom of the strata, and it lacks mud, plant fragments and other common erosion sedimentary phenomena in river sediments; the sandstone is relatively pure, which is a typical feature of aeolian cross bedding

  • 表1 鄂尔多斯盆地中上三叠统地球化学元素比值统计表

  • Table1 The statistics of geochemical elements parameter ratios in the Middle and Upper Triassic in the Ordos basin

  • 注:标*的数据引自Fu Jinhua et al.,2018。

  • 2.2 延长组中期温暖潮湿气候环境的证据

  • 延长组中期古土壤特征与早期、晚期明显不同,前者长7段古土壤主要呈灰绿色、植物根系较发育(图2d),指示为潮湿环境。从地球化学元素分析看,延长组中期长7 Sr/Cu值介于0.80~8.41之间,均值为4.42,明显低于长8~长10、长1~长6及纸坊组(表1),同样指示温湿气候环境。实际上,延长组中期具温湿气候环境是大家普遍认同的观点,例如,张才利等(2011)利用微量元素对长7油层组沉积时古水介质环境进行了分析,发现Sr/Ba 值为 0.19~0.65、Th/U值为 0.36~5.03,V/Ni 值为 1.75~5.53,属于陆相淡水还原环境。吉利明等(20062013)在长7暗色泥页岩中还发现了大量介形虫、双壳类、鱼类化石及光球型疑源类、葡萄藻等反映淡水沉积环境的化石组合。最新研究表明(付金华等,2018),长 7 期深湖—半深湖区面积达到65000 km2,水深可达50~120 m,其沉积期为古气温> 15℃的温暖潮湿的温带—亚热带气候,水体为陆相微咸水—淡水环境。所有这些特征均指示长7油层组时期气候转为潮湿温暖环境。

  • 2.3 延长组古气候干湿交替原因分析

  • 现有资料表明,三叠纪时期,全球变暖,海平面上升,泛大陆大部分地区(45°S~50°N)处于干旱带和热带区(包括冈瓦纳大陆大部分地区、劳亚大陆南部的北美及古特提斯北部的华北地区等),除了在靠近海洋和山脉的地区比较湿润而草木茂盛,而广大的内陆地区则十分干燥(塔斯肯等,2014)。早、中和晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地古纬度分别为18.3°,21.4°和 25.4°~31.03°(吴汉宁等,1991; 朱日祥等,1998),恰好处于干旱气候带上,因此其古生物、古沉积环境普遍表现为干旱气候特征是不难理解的。

  • 晚三叠世长7沉积时候的潮湿气候,可能与晚三叠世卡尼期梅雨事件(Carnial Pluvial Episode)(Simms et al.,1989)及盆地特殊的古地理位置有关。当时,鄂尔多斯盆地所在的华北地区属于劳亚古大陆东侧,南北分别被广大的“特提斯海域”与“蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋”泛大洋环绕(塔斯肯等,2014),与泛大陆其他地区相比,临近海洋与高山,尤其盆地南部强烈的印支运动形成了横亘东西的秦岭造山带(杨华等,2013),为长7时期盆地快速沉降与局部潮湿气候环境的形成创造了有利条件。

  • 3 干旱期洪水事件主导了盆地中心地区大规模砂体的形成与分布

  • 3.1 延长组洪水事件主要证据

  • 在延长组早期与晚期干旱时期,砂岩以河流相砂体为主,而且大量证据表明这些砂岩以洪水成因为主。

  • (1)砂岩中发现大量形态各异的树木化石,指示宿主砂岩为洪水成因。树木化石大多分布在河道砂岩与古土壤层界面附近,一般树茎秆部分分布在砂岩底面,根系部分保存在砂岩底部的古土壤层中(图5)。它们的形态各异,有的树木根系与茎干部分保留较完整(图5e); 有的因受洪水袭击,茎干已被完全折断或部分折断,折断的茎秆或原地倒伏或被洪水冲走缺失,残留部分与根系一起呈歪斜状态分布在地层中(歪斜方向代表洪水流动方向)(图5a、c)。此外,在河道砂岩底部,常见大量呈定向分布的炭化植物茎秆,单个茎秆长度通常为3~50 cm不等,直径在1~8 cm之间(图6),显然它们也是洪水事件的产物。

  • 洪水事件形成的植物化石,在延长组各砂岩层段均有分布。现以图5e中保存较完整的树木化石为例来分析洪水发生与厚层砂岩的形成过程。该化石直立赋存在地层中(高度1.0 m左右),而且基本保存了原来的生长状态,依稀可见的树冠部分位于树干顶部,呈分叉状。图中还显示,树木根系部分宿主岩石为暗红色粉砂质泥岩,发育大量生物遗迹化石,显示为洪泛平原微相; 茎干部分宿主岩石为含泥质粉细砂岩,其底界面略显侵蚀作用,横向上延伸1 km以上,沉积变化平稳,近似席状展布; 砂岩内部以块状层理为主,局部见不明显小型楔状、板状交错层理及平行纹层,顶部见虫孔等生物扰动构造,显示为沉积速率很高的河道末端决口扇沉积。整个茎干、树冠部分被掩埋在厚度2.0 m左右的决口扇粉细砂岩中,且茎干表面光滑,无次生根系。由此推测该树木当时位于河流末端低洼处,因河道决口被满载泥沙的洪水一次性掩埋(从现今剖面看,树冠顶部距离砂岩顶面约1 m,推测原始埋藏深度更大),从而成为现今所看到的化石(图5e~g)。这一情况与人们在美国Alabama西北部勇士盆地(Warrior basin)发现的众多直立树干化石的形成过程颇为相似(Demko,1990)。该盆地下宾夕法尼亚波茨维尔组(lower pennsylvan Pottsville Formation)发育多套煤层,其中在Blue Creek与Mary Lee煤层之间的洪泛平原发育期间,至少发生过4期洪水事件沉积,大量乔木(有的高度可达3 m)被洪水携带的泥沙就地快速掩埋,从而形成了在地层中呈直立状的树木化石。

  • 上述特征充分表明,在0.2 Ga前的延长组沉积时期,洪水事件频繁发生,这些形态各异的植物化石,正是遭遇了洪水袭击的结果,其宿主砂岩应该属于洪水成因。

  • (2)砂岩中普遍发育强水动力条件下的沉积构造及泥砾滞留沉积。延长组砂岩单砂体基本呈透镜状(剖面上)与条带状(平面上)分布,厚度从几厘米到数十米不等,普遍见大型槽状与板状交错层理及平行层理(图3a、3d、7a、7c),显示以牵引流河道沉积为主。河道底部侵蚀形态明显,常见大量反映流水冲刷与搬运成因的灰绿色泥砾(图7b、d)。它们或零星分布,或呈层状集中分布,长轴方向有一定方向性。其形状多为不规则状,大小不等,一般宽度3~5 cm,长度6~10 cm,所有这些特征总体反映了一种水大流急的沉积环境,这与上述从植物化石分布得出的结论是一致的。

  • 图5 延长组长9、长3油层组洪水事件沉积特征

  • Fig.5 Sedimentary characteristics of flood events in the9th and 3th Member of Yanchang Formation

  • (a)—被折断的植物茎秆与根系一起呈斜歪状态展布,歪斜方向指示古洪水流向,延河剖面罗子山长9砂岩;(b)—照片a的解释;(c)—植物茎干大部分被折断缺失,残留的少部分与根系一起呈斜歪状态展布,歪斜方向指示古洪水流向,薛峰川长3露头;(d)—照片c的解释;(e)—延河剖面长3油层组中直立分布的树木化石,其根系部分宿主岩石为暗红色粉砂质泥岩,发育大量生物遗迹化石,显示为洪泛平原微相; 茎干部分宿主岩石为含泥质粉细砂岩,块状,无层理,底面平直,显示为沉积速率很高的决口扇沉积,由此推测该树木当时位于河流末端低洼处,因洪水决口被一次性掩埋而成化石;(f)—照片e的解释;(g)—照片e的局部放大; 图中蓝色箭头指示洪水流动方向

  • (a) —the broken plant stems and roots are spread out in an oblique state, and the oblique direction indicates the flow direction of the paleo-water, the Luozishan sandstone in Chang 9 of Yanhe section; (b) —the interpretation of photo a; (c) —most of the plant stems are broken and missing, and the remaining small part is spread out in an oblique state together with the root system; the oblique direction indicates the flow direction of the paleo-water; the Xuefengchuan in Chang 3 outcrop; (d) —the interpretation of photo c; (e) —the vertical distribution of tree fossils in the Chang 3 of Yanhe section, the host rock of the root is dark red silty mudstone, and a large number of bio-relic fossils are developed, showing the microfacies of the floodplain; the host rock of the stem is containing the argillaceous silt sandstone, massive, unbedded, with a straight bottom surface, is shown as crevasse splay deposit with a high deposition rate; it is speculated that the tree was located in a low-lying place at the end of the river at that time, and it was once buried as a fossil due to the flood; (f) —the explanation of photo e; (g) —partial magnification of photo e; the blue arrow in the figure indicates the flow direction of flood

  • 图6 延长组长1油层组洪水事件典型照片

  • Fig.6 Typical photos of flood events in the1th Member of Yanchang Formation

  • (a、b)—砂岩底部保留的植物茎秆化石,延河剖面长1露头,姚店;(c)—照片b的的局部放大

  • (a, b) —plant fossils preserved at the bottom of sandstone, in Chang1 outcrop of Yanhe section, Yaodian; (c) —partial magnification of photo b

  • 3.2 延长组干旱环境下的物源供给与洪水搬运特征

  • 干旱环境下植被稀少,蒸发量远大于降水量,尤其在赤道附近的热漠环境(hot desert)中(如前所述,鄂尔多斯盆地中晚三叠世古纬度分别为18.3°,21.4°和 25.4°~31.03 °,距离赤道较近),气温昼夜变化无常,岩石的页状剥落、劈裂、压碎等机械风化作用强烈,加之在这种环境中,风是主要地质营力,风吹砂和尘土的磨蚀作用会进一步加剧岩石的机械风化作用(Reinek,1982),长此以往,在母源区形成了以砂级为主的细粒碎屑物质,为沉积盆地准备了充足的物源,这也许是盆地内部延长组砂岩粒度普遍较细的原因之一。

  • 同时,在干旱环境中,虽然降雨次数稀少,但雨量可以很大,偶尔的极端气候会形成百年或千年一遇的暴雨,产生的洪水河流具有强大的搬运能力,加之充足的陆源碎屑物质,能够在河流下游方向形成巨厚沉积物。需要说明的是,由于鄂尔多斯盆地原始范围巨大,物源区较远,同时也由于干旱区强烈的蒸发与下渗作用,大部分洪水与河流会消失在搬运路径上的荒漠中(Tooth,2000; Donselaar et al.,2013; Li et al.,2015),导致沉积物可能随时卸载于路途中,等到下一次洪水来临时才继续向下游搬运。由此看来,在干旱环境下,沉积物向湖盆中心地区的搬运可能不是一次完成的,而是经过多期次洪水的接力式向下游地区搬运的结果,沉积物每搬运一次都经历一次粒级的分选,这也可能是盆地内部延长组缺少边缘相带、砂岩粒度普遍较细的主要原因。

  • 4 延长组干湿两种环境砂体沉积模式讨论

  • 近年来,沉积学界将干旱湖盆中面积巨大、呈扇状分布的河流体系称为河流扇(fluvial fans)或巨型扇(megafan)或分支河流体系(distributive fluvial system; North et al.,2007; Hartley et al.,2010; Weissmann et al.,2010; 张昌民等,2019)。其中河流扇是由曲流河反复决口(successive avulsions)而形成的扇状沉积体系,常发育在地形地貌平坦的内陆干旱地区,其沉积物粒度通常较细,主要为洪泛平原、河道与决口扇沉积(North et al.,2007; Cain et al.,2009; 李嘉光,2018)。据Hartley et al.(2010)对全球范围内415个现代河流扇体系的研究,它们的共同特点是:扇的半径巨大,通常在30 km至数百公里以上; 均发育在地形地貌十分平缓的地区,其地形坡度通常介于0.003°~1.5°之间; 可以形成在内陆干旱(drylands)、热带—亚热带(tropical-subtropical)、大陆性(continental)及极地(polar)等多种气候环境下,但以内陆干旱环境居多,占比达58%(Hartley et al.,2010)。正因为上述发育条件及沉积特征,河流扇也被称为 “干旱曲流河末端体系”(Donselaar et al.,2013; 李嘉光,2018)、“末端河流扇”(terminal fluvial fan; Cain et al.,2009)或“洪水-河漫湖”(潘树新等,2012)等。虽然术语不同,但指的基本上都是干旱—半干旱环境下、远离物源区的洪泛平原沉积体系。

  • 需说明的是,河流扇容易被误解为末端扇(terminal fan; Friend,1978; 张金亮等,2007)。其实两者的形成机理完全不同,后者末端扇中的河流为分流河道体系(distributary channels),各分支河道中都存在流水,是同期活动的(coeval distributary channels; Kelly et al.,1993; Nichols et al.,19982007); 而前者河流扇上的河流表现为一种分支河道体系(distributive channels),各分支河道并不是同时期都在活动,其放射状水系是不同时期的河道反复决口(successive avulsions)、叠加复合的结果(North et al.,2007; Cain et al.,2009; Donselaar et al.,2013; 张昌民等,20172020),这一点与末端扇成因存在根本上的差别。河流扇也容易与浅水三角洲相混淆,后者的形成源于河流入湖(海)处的三角洲分流作用,而前者是陆上环境中河流迁移改道、叠加的结果,与湖泊水体没有关系(Donselaar et al.,2013),除非河流扇直接入湖形成三角洲(张昌民等,2019)。

  • 图7 延长组长10油层组洪水事件沉积露头照片

  • Fig.7 Sedimentary outcrops of flood event in the10th Member of Yanchang Formation

  • (a)—河道砂岩宏观照片,长10,盆地东缘仕望河;(b)—河道砂岩底部的冲刷泥砾,位置见照片a;(c)—河道砂岩宏观照片,长10,盆地西南缘麟游县澄水河;(d)—河道砂岩底部的冲刷泥砾层,长62底部,陕北延河剖面

  • (a) —macro photo of river channel sandstone, Chang 10, Shiwang River outcrop in the east edge of the basin; (b) —scoured mud at the bottom of river channel sandstone, see photo a for the location; (c) —macro photo of river channel sandstone, Chang 10, Chengshui River, Linyou County, southwestern margin of the basin; (d) —scoured mud and gravel layer at the bottom of the channel sandstone, bottom of Chang 62, in Yanhe section

  • 河流扇概念及相关研究源于人们对现代沉积、露头剖面的详细描述和对沉积-搬运作用过程的精细研究(North et al.,2007; Cain et al.,2009; Hartley et al.,2010; Weissmann et al.,2010; Donselaar et al.,2013; 张昌民等,2020),尤其是遥感技术的发展与应用,为沉积地质学家在更大尺度上观察沉积体系的整体形态和规模、进而分析源汇系统提供了方便,目前代表了干旱环境下内陆湖盆沉积研究的最新进展。利用这一概念,在上述古气候演变与洪水事件沉积特征研究基础上,本文认为延长组中期长 7 油层组沉积期为湖盆发育鼎盛时期,气候温暖潮湿,汇水区面积大,发育了完整的三角洲-湖泊沉积体系; 延长组早期与晚期气候炎热干燥,蒸发量大于降水量,汇水区面积有限,全盆地沉积以河流相为主,发育河流扇体系。下面分别以延长组早期的长10与中期的长7油层组为例,对干旱、潮湿两种背景下的湖盆砂体类型及沉积充填模式做简要分析。

  • 4.1 长10期干旱背景下的河流扇模式

  • 如前所述,延长组早期长10层段主要为干旱背景下的洪水事件沉积,其岩石类型主要为岩屑长石砂岩与长石砂岩,成分成熟度与结构成熟度偏差,总体反映了一种快速搬运、快速堆积的沉积特点。本文根据沉积构造和微相组合特点(完颜容等,2011),将长10油层组河流类型划分为下游的曲流河和上游的辫状河两种类型(图8),其中辫状河体系主要分布在盆地中西部地区,沉积微相由河床滞留相、心滩、河漫滩以及泛滥平原组成,以心滩微相最为发育,并常见由河道心滩迁移形成的各种层理,尤其是大型槽状交错层理发育。曲流河体系主要发育在东部、东北与东南地区,微相类型主要包括河道、沼泽、点砂坝、河漫滩、天然堤等。与上游辫状河明显不同的是,下游曲流河亚相砂岩粒级明显变细,发育“下粗上细”正旋回沉积层序,且中上部细粒或泥质成分占有相当大的比重,揭示了由强到弱的流水堆积过程。

  • 统计表明,从上游(盆地西北部盐池—定边地区)到下游(盆地东南部铜川—黄龙地区),总流程超过300 km,随着坡降变小,沉积物粒度变细,单砂体厚度、宽度变小,决口扇出现的频率增多(图8b)。上述特征(包括河流类型、沉积微相特征、沿河流流动方向砂体构型变化趋势)与亚利桑那州上三叠统 Chinle 组大型河流扇沉积很相似(Trendell et al.,2013)(图9),不同之处是Chinle 组河流扇沉积体系的末端注入到了轴向河流体系中,而延长组长10曲流河体系的末端尚无法确定。

  • 根据上述特征建立了长10期沉积层序充填模式(图10a),总体反映了干旱环境下河流迁移、改道及河流扇形成的模式,其沉积作用以填平补齐式的加积沉积(aggradation)为主。

  • 4.2 长7期潮湿背景湖泊-三角洲-重力流模式

  • 长7段沉积时期,降雨量充沛,汇水区面积迅速增大,发育一套完整的陆相河流—三角洲—湖泊沉积体系,其中深湖-半深湖面积达6.5×104 km2,发育一套富含有机质的细粒沉积体系,它们既是烃源岩系,也是页岩油、致密油的储集岩(李相博等,2011; 袁选俊等,2015; 杨仁超等,20152017)。三角洲-沉积物重力流复合体系是研究区该时期一大特色,本文作者曾根据岩性岩相特征将其划分为6种岩石类型,提出砂质碎屑流与浊流是研究区两种最为重要的砂体搬运途径(Li Xiangbo et al.,2018),并根据岩性岩相纵横向变化规律建立了其搬运-沉积过程模式。图10b揭示了长7段潮湿背景下的湖泊-三角洲-重力流沉积层序充填演化模式,从图中可以看出,随着沉积物的输入与充填,湖岸线向湖盆中心不断迁移,湖平面具“震荡式”或“脉动式”升降特征,沉积作用(三角洲地区)以进积(progradation)为主,退积(retrogradation)与加积(aggradation)为辅。

  • 总体而言,随着气候从干旱—潮湿—干旱的变化,延长组湖盆汇水区经历了快速扩大(湖侵),“震荡式”缓慢萎缩直至消亡的过程(图10)。

  • 5 油气地质意义

  • 由于在地质历史时期,干旱环境与潮湿环境经常交替出现,从而形成了不同的岩性岩相组合(Donselaar et al.,2013)。通常干旱环境与低位域沉积相对应,沉积物以砂为主(河流扇体系的砂岩); 潮湿环境与水进-高位域时期相对应,沉积物以富有机质的泥岩(烃源岩)为主。随着气候环境的交替演变,干旱背景河流扇砂岩与潮湿环境水进域富有机质泥岩相匹配,有利于形成大规模岩性油气藏。

  • 就延长组沉积而言,在长7油层组烃源岩层的内部(潮湿环境)、上部(长6~长1)及下部(长10~长8)(干旱环境)分别发育了如下3种类型的砂体:① 长7时期三角洲体砂体; ② 长7时期的重力流砂体(主要为砂质碎屑流砂体与浊积岩); ③ 长7烃源岩层下部及上部干旱背景下形成的河流扇砂体(主要为河道与决口扇)。这些不同成因的砂体形成了延长组 “满盆砂”的格局,有利于形成下生上储(长7生、长6以上地层储)、上生下储(长7生、长8以下地层储)及自生自储(长7生与储)的油藏组合,尤其不同时期决口扇砂体在纵横向上连片叠置分布,周围被洪泛平原泥岩包围,容易形成大面积岩性圈闭,从而使延长组由“满盆含砂”变为的“满凹含油”的格局。

  • 6 结论

  • (1)延长组沉积时期,气候具有三分性:早期为干旱环境; 中期转变为温暖潮湿气候环境,生物繁盛,是烃源岩发育最有利时期; 晚期再次转变为半干旱—半湿润气候环境。

  • (2)受干旱气候控制,延长组早期与晚期无大面积汇水区存在,洪水事件主导了盆地中心地区大规模砂体的形成与分布,尤其洪水的接力搬运与多次分选可能是造成延长组砂岩普遍较细的主因。

  • 图8 延长组长101油层组沉积相剖面与平面图

  • Fig.8 Sedimentary facies profile of sub-member 1 of 10th Member of Yanchang Formation

  • (a)—沉积相平面图(位置见图1a),反映研究区总体以河流沉积为主,缺少大面积汇水区;(b)—北西—南东向沉积相剖面(位置见图8a),图中揭示从上游的盐池—定边地区到下游的铜川—黄龙地区,总流程超过300 km,随着坡降变小,沉积物粒度变细,河道砂体厚度、宽度变小,决口扇出现的频率明显增多; SP—自然电位; GR—自然伽玛

  • (a) —the plan view of sedimentary facies (see Fig.1a for the location) reflects that the study area is dominated by river sediments and lacks a large catchment area; (b) —the northwest-south east trending sedimentary facies profile (see Fig.8a for the location) , the figure reveals that the total flow from the upstream Yanchi-Dingbian area to the downstream Tongchuan-Huanglong area exceeds 300 km; as the slope decreases, the grain size of sediments becomes finer, the thickness and width of channel sand bodies become smaller, and the frequency of avulse fans increases significantly; SP—spontaneous potential; GR—Gamma ray

  • 图9 河流扇的横剖面模式,显示不同地区的河流类型和沉积相变化趋势(据Trendell et al.,2013; 张昌民等,2017

  • Fig.9 A cross section model of fluvial fan, showing the change trend of fluvial type and sedimentary facies in different areas (after Trendell et al., 2013; Zhang Changmin et al., 2017)

  • 图10 鄂尔多斯盆地延长组沉积充填演化模式

  • Fig.10 Sedimentary filling model of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos basin

  • (a)—延长组早期干旱时期河流扇沉积模式,图中揭示在干旱环境下,陆相盆地汇水区面积较小,主要沉积单元为洪泛平原、河道与决口扇,沉积作用以填平补齐式的加积沉积为主;(b)—延长组中期潮湿时期的湖泊-三角洲-重力流模式,图中揭示在潮湿环境下,陆相盆地汇水区面积大,主要沉积单元有河流、三角洲,深湖-半深湖及重力流沉积,其中三角洲地区沉积作用以进积为主,退积与加积为辅;(c)—延长组晚期干旱时期河流扇沉积模式,其特征同图10a

  • (a) —fluvial fan sedimentary model of in early Yanchang Formation; it is revealed that in arid environment, the catchment area of continental basins is small, and the main sedimentary units are flood plains, river channels and crevasse splay; the deposition is dominated by fill-up and aggradation; (b) —lake-delta-gravity flow model in middle Yanchang Formation, it is revealed that in a humid environment, the catchment area of the continental basin is large, and the main sedimentary units are rivers, deltas, deep lakes-semi-deep lakes and gravity flow deposits; in delta area, progradation is the main sedimentation, and retrogradation and aggradation are auxiliary; (c) —fluvial fan sedimentary model of in late Yanchang Formation with the same characteristics of Fig.10a

  • (3)延长组发育干旱与潮湿两种环境沉积模式,前者是在干旱环境下,洪水主导形成的低位域河流扇体系; 后者是在潮湿环境下,湖平面快速上升形成的河流-三角洲-湖泊体系沉积模式,其中三角洲-沉积物重力流复合是深湖—半深湖区沉积的一大特色。

  • (4)干旱环境低位域河流扇砂体与潮湿环境水进域富含有机质泥岩相匹配,形成了延长组“满盆含砂、满凹含油”的特征。

  • (5)过去人们一直沿用一种固定模式即三角洲模式来解释延长组所有的沉积体系与砂体分布,导致整个延长组从长10到长1表现为一种“满盆三角洲”的沉积格局,这在现代沉积中很难找到实例,令人费解。该研究改变了以往大型坳陷湖盆以“三角洲模式”为主导的传统认识,对丰富发展陆相盆地沉积理论认识及指导油气勘探实践均有积极意义。

  • 致谢:阿根廷南方国立大学Carlos Zavala教授参加了野外地质考察工作,在此深表感谢!

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