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作者简介:

韩伟,男,1981年生。博士,正高级工程师,主要从事油气、氦气调查评价工作。E-mail:hw_198196@163.com。

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    摘要

    近年来陕南地区页岩气勘探取得了一定的成果,与其同属扬子板块北缘的汉中地区也被认为具有较好的页岩气资源前景。本文利用野外地质调查、二维地震、岩石学及有机地球化学等资料,对汉中地区构造演化及寒武系页岩气地质条件开展研究。结果表明,汉中地区经历了南华纪—三叠纪海相演化、三叠纪末—白垩纪陆内演化和新生代断陷盆地三个演化阶段,寒武系牛蹄塘组和石牌组为海陆过渡相沉积,其中暗色泥岩有机质类型以Ⅱ1型和Ⅱ2型为主,TOC含量0.45%~2.79%,Ro为0.61%~1.21%,整体属于中等—好的成熟烃源岩,具备良好的生烃潜力;且牛蹄塘组灰黑色粉砂质泥岩中有机质较为丰富,石英等脆性矿物及黏土矿物含量较高,微裂缝及孔隙发育,有利于页岩气生成、赋存以及后期开发。综合分析认为汉中地区寒武系具备良好的页岩气资源前景,且东部地质条件优于西部。

    Abstract

    In recent years, significant progress has been made in shale gas exploration in southern Shaanxi. The Hanzhong area, located along the northern margin of the Yangtze Plate, is also considered to have promising shale gas resource potential. This study focuses on investigating the geological conditions and evolutionary history of Cambrian shale gas in the Hanzhong area using field geological surveys, 2D seismic analysis, petrological examinations, and organic geochemical data. The results show that the Hanzhong area has undergone three stages of geological evolution: marine evolution from the Nanhua to the Triassic period, intracontinental evolution from the end of the Triassic to the Cretaceous period, and Cenozoic rift basin formation. The Cambrian Niutitang Formation and Shipai Formation represent transitional facies deposits, characterized by dark mudstone containing predominantly type Ⅱ1 and Ⅱ2 organic matter. These shale formations exhibit a total organic carbon (TOC) content ranging from 0.45% to 2.79%, with a maturity level (Ro) between 0.61% and 1.21%. These characteristics classify them as medium- to good-mature source rocks, indicating significant hydrocarbon generation potential. In addition, the gray-black silty mudstone of the Niutitang Formation is rich in organic matter and contains high contents of brittle minerals such as quartz and clay minerals. This formation also exhibits well-developed micro-fractures and pores, which are favorable conditions for the generation, occurrence, and subsequent development of shale gas. The study concludes that the Cambrian system in the Hanzhong area holds promising shale gas resources, with the geological conditions being more favorable in the eastern part compared to the western part.

  • 近年来,中国页岩气调查、勘探工作显示扬子板块古生界具有良好的页岩气资源前景,尤其在四川、重庆、贵州、湖南等地发育了以下寒武统牛蹄塘组、下志留统龙马溪组为代表的多套沉积稳定、分布广泛、厚度大、有机碳含量高、热演化程度适中的页岩气层(Tan Jingqiang et al.,2014郭旭升,2014Dai Jinxing et al.,2016Zou Caineng et al.,2016韩克猷等,2016翟刚毅等,2017Zhai Gangyi et al.,2018马永生等,2018Gao Jian et al.,2019赵文智等,2020戴金星等,2020邹才能等,2021付勇等,2021冯动军等,2021刘安等,2022李海等,2022)。随着工作范围的不断扩展,四川盆地以北的米仓山-汉南隆起区也发现了下寒武统牛蹄塘组良好的页岩气显示(田涛等,2018陈相霖等,20182019Tian Tao et al.,2019许婷等,2019),但是,受陕南地区山高沟深的复杂地形等限制,页岩气资源勘探难度大,不利于后期开发利用。

  • 汉中地区位于扬子板块最北缘,与陕南地区地质背景相似,但地质工作程度极低,有限的研究多集中在宏观的构造演化、周缘断裂活动性及新生代盆地演化等方面(李传友等,2004樊春等,2008杨晓平等,2008李晓妮等,2013王明明,2013危自根等,2019)。赵文平等(2020)对陕南地区开展页岩气潜力研究时认为汉中市以南地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组、下志留统龙马溪组和下震旦统陡山沱组等可能具备页岩气资源潜力,但并未在汉中市周边开展实际工作。2019年以来,中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心在米仓山-汉南隆起区以北的汉中地区周边开展了详细的野外剖面调查、二维地震测量和相关测试分析,对汉中地区的构造演化过程和寒武系页岩有机地化、储层条件等开展了深入的研究,确认该地区牛蹄塘组具备良好的页岩气资源潜力。本文对这些工作进行总结并详细阐述,以期为该区页岩气资源勘探开发提供依据。

  • 1 区域地质概况

  • 汉中盆地位于秦岭造山带南缘、松潘甘孜构造带之摩天岭地块东北缘与上扬子板块交汇部位,是扬子板块北缘、秦岭南部最大的新生代断陷盆地(樊春等,2008李晓妮等,2013王明明,2013危自根等,2019)(图1a)。其北缘受勉略断裂和平武-阳平关断裂复合作用控制,南缘受汉南(南郑)隆起北缘北东向山前(断裂)控制,整体呈近东西向展布,西宽东窄的楔形(图1b)。

  • 汉中盆地通常指新生代盆地,然而,作为上扬子板块北缘被动大陆边缘沉积体(吴世祥等,2006裴先治等,2009陈相霖等,2018),该区自变质结晶基底形成之后经历了长期的盖层沉积演化,盆地西侧的梁山及其周边地区出露了震旦系以来,除白垩系以外的多数沉积地层。

  • 2 汉中地区构造演化特征

  • 由于特殊的构造位置,汉中地区的构造演化与秦岭造山带、龙门山断裂带和大巴山褶皱带等密切相关。新元古代以来,秦岭造山带经历点、面接触碰撞和残留洋盆、海盆时期。震旦纪到三叠纪是扬子板块在前震旦纪基底之上稳定发展的盖层沉积时期,相继沉积了一套巨厚的滨海、浅海相陆源碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造,尽管期间在不同时期、不同地区、不同程度地缺失了中上寒武统、泥盆系和石炭系,但相应地层间均以平行不整合关系相接触,说明加里东期、海西期均是以非造山的板块升降运动为特征,反映了扬子板块相对稳定的发展历程(西北大学地质学系,1992)。滕志宏等(1996)研究秦岭造山带新构造及中新生代断陷盆地时,认为太白—佛坪一带强烈隆起区与汉中地区之间还有一个中度隆起区为过渡,也反映汉中地区虽然位于秦岭造山带之间,但仍处于一个构造相对稳定的区域,保留了震旦纪以来的盖层沉积。

  • 图1 汉中地区及周缘地质构造简图

  • Fig.1 Geologic sketch of the Hanzhong area and its adjacent

  • 1—第四系—新近系;2—白垩系—侏罗系;3—三叠系;4—二叠系;5—石炭系;6—寒武系—震旦系;7—元古宙—太古宙杂岩体;8—花岗岩体;9—断裂;10—地震测线;11—钻井;12—剖面位置及采样点

  • 1—Quaternary-Neogene; 2—Cretaceous-Jurassic; 3—Triassic; 4—Permian; 5—Carboniferous; 6—Cambrian-Sinian; 7—Proterozoic-Archaean complex; 8—granitic; 9—fault; 10—seismic line; 11—well; 12—profile and sample location

  • 同时,周边发育的多条断裂控制了现今汉中盆地的展布特征,这些断裂主活动期多为印支期。其中汉中地区北缘断裂沿秦岭南缘展布,是现今盆地的北部边界,为向南陡倾的正断层;南缘断裂沿汉南杂岩北缘展布,为向北西陡倾的正断层;南北两条断裂向东延伸,在西乡附近交汇,形成现今盆地的东南缘。西缘断裂为青川断裂,即龙门山断裂带后山断裂的东北段,右旋走滑特征明显,使得梁山地区震旦系—二叠系遭受变形,造成梁山地区以梁山向斜为主体,呈向东突出的马蹄状(图1),主要出露震旦纪—三叠纪以来的沉积地层,由外向内为震旦系—二叠系,核部为三叠系,其中二叠系坚硬的厚层灰岩是最明显的标志层,也是汉中盆地的西侧屏障(西北大学地质学系,1992王明明,2013)。因此,笔者认为这一时期,南、北两侧的盆缘断裂作为秦岭造山带和大巴山褶皱带的界线,限定了汉中地区的边界,西侧的青川断裂由于其走滑特性,对汉中地区构造格局的影响比南、北缘断裂更为显著,这在地震剖面上有清晰的反映。所以,本文按早期构造更强的东西向编制构造演化过程示意图(图2)。由于区内尚无深层钻井揭示下伏地层,本次研究利用梁山地区露头剖面,结合构造演化背景约束地震剖面对地层的解释。可以看出东西向的地震剖面清晰地反映了区内发育的几套地层组,自下而上划分为震旦系—志留系(Z+S)、二叠系—三叠系(P+T)和古近系—新近系(E+Q)。

  • 如图2所示,汉中地区自变质结晶基底形成之后经历了长期的盖层沉积演化,具体包括以下三个演化阶段:

  • 第一阶段是南华纪—三叠纪海相演化阶段,加里东时期,主要为震旦纪—早古生代的被动陆缘海相沉积,加里东期和海西期构造运动,该区抬升并遭受剥蚀,造成中上寒武统、泥盆系和石炭系不同程度缺失,从二叠纪至三叠纪再次沉降,主要接受海相碳酸盐沉积(裴先治等,2009王明明,2013陈相霖等,2018)。汉中地区西侧的梁山镇土地岭志留系与二叠系呈平行不整合接触,高家坝地区震旦系与二叠系呈断层接触印证了海西运动对研究区的影响过程;印支运动时期,扬子板块海侵结束,秦岭地区开始造山,位于二者中间的汉中地区遭受了一次强烈的构造挤压,致使梁山地区震旦系到二叠系普遍遭遇了不同程度的变形,形成北东—北东东向褶皱和断裂,梁山向斜自此形成。

  • 这一时期为本文研究的重点,其中震旦系—志留系在地震剖面上为一组亚平行至平行,中频,中—弱振幅反射的界面,连续性较差,与下伏地层呈角度不整合接触关系;二叠系—三叠系在地震剖面上为一组亚平行至平行,中频,中、强振幅反射,与下伏地层呈平行接触关系,区内大部分地区连续性较好,表现为二峰一谷强相位反射(图2)。

  • 第二阶段是三叠纪末—白垩纪陆内演化阶段,燕山期叠加印支期的陆内造山运动导致汉中周缘地区地质背景活跃,米仓山等地形成了大规模的逆冲断褶带,侏罗系勉县群的含煤岩系仅沿勉略带零星分布,白垩系在该区普遍缺失(王明明,2013陈相霖等,2018王海萍,2020)。

  • 第三阶段是新生代断陷盆地形成阶段,喜马拉雅运动由北西向南东的龙门山逆冲推覆构造强烈活动,造成北侧的秦岭中北部地区向南掀斜隆升和南部米仓山地区向北掀斜隆升,奠定了汉中盆地现今东西向展布的格局,接受古近系和新近系沉积(Zhang Guowei et al.,2004王明明,2013张国伟,2016王海萍,2020)。这套地层在地震剖面上为一组平行,中、高频,中、强振幅反射,与下伏地层大部分地区呈平行不整合接触关系(图2)。

  • 上新世以来,西部岷山隆起吸收了巴颜喀拉块体向东运动的分量,汉中地区东西向构造应力变弱(王明明,2013王海萍,2020),梁山作为盆地西侧的屏障,记录了这一时期来自西部的应力对研究区的构造改造,如梁山镇土地岭古近系—新近系冲洪积相砾岩与下伏二叠系灰岩断层接触,高家坝地区震旦系与下中更新统呈断层接触。同时,受汉中盆地南北两侧边界断裂等持续活动影响,盆地南北两侧跨度不断增加,盆地持续接受沉积,西侧梁山附近由于断陷幅度较大,逐渐成为盆地沉降中心。

  • 前人在构造保存条件的研究中也形成了“遭受构造改造的期次少,整体构造变形较弱,页岩气保存条件相对较好”的普遍认识(聂海宽等,2012刘树根等,2016魏祥峰等,2017姜磊等,2019邱楠生等,2020邹才能等,2021)。图2显示,西部受构造改造明显强于东部,形成了埋深较深、厚度较大的局部凹陷,东部地层展布平缓、稳定,与前人对现今汉中盆地构造演化及断裂活动研究结果相一致(王明明,2013李晓妮等,2013),说明汉中东部的页岩气地质条件优于西部。

  • 图2 汉中盆地构造演化过程示意图

  • Fig.2 Schematic diagram of tectonic evolution in Hanzhong basin

  • 3 汉中地区寒武系沉积及岩石学特征

  • 3.1 寒武系沉积特征

  • 汉中地区与陕南宁强、南郑等地区古地理位置同属于扬子板块西北缘,上古生界在该区大面积分布,地层具有可对比性。南郑、米仓山一带的牛蹄塘组下部主要为黑灰色碳质页岩,中部为灰色灰质泥灰岩,上部为黑灰色灰质泥岩,属于深水陆棚相沉积,厚度约282 m(陈相霖等,20182019李娟等,2021)。汉中地区西缘元墩子、水碓沟等地可见连续的牛蹄塘组沉积(图1),其中元墩子剖面因第四系覆盖,牛蹄塘组下段出露不全,向西平移至水碓沟剖面补充覆盖段,并揭示牛蹄塘组与灯影组为整合或平行不整合接触,剖面共揭示牛蹄塘组厚度160 m左右,按照岩性组合特征可以划分为两段,下段岩性为灰黑色含碳质泥岩、黑色泥岩夹粉砂质泥岩;上段为深灰、灰黑色粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩互层,泥岩层面有少量细小白云母,自下而上由深水陆棚相向浅海陆棚相过渡,水体逐渐变浅。整体而言,汉中地区牛蹄塘组厚度较陕南地区薄,但岩性以泥岩、页岩为主,陕南地区夹有60 m左右泥灰岩,这可能与当时局部沉积环境有关。

  • 另外,汉中地区牛蹄塘组上覆的石牌组下段也发育一定规模的灰黑色泥岩、泥质粉砂岩和粉砂质泥岩,上段为灰色泥灰岩,整体厚度约170 m,为局限海湾和局限台地相沉积(图3)。

  • 3.2 牛蹄塘组微观孔隙、岩石特征

  • 页岩、泥岩中的大量裂缝和孔隙是页岩气的主要储集空间,对游离气含量有着直接的控制作用(聂海宽等,2012曾维特等,2019)。脆性矿物含量是评价页岩可压裂性的重要指标,吉利明等(2012)认为黏土矿物由于颗粒微小、比表面积大,是页岩气储层的有利条件之一。

  • 本次研究在自然资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿重点实验室,利用JSM-7500F型场发射扫描电镜对汉中地区寒武系牛蹄塘组灰黑色粉砂质泥岩开展微观结构等观察,发现其中微裂缝发育,常见于矿物颗粒之间(图4a),规格差异较大;孔隙类型以粒间孔隙和晶间孔隙为主,溶蚀孔隙较为少见,如石英颗粒之间的粒间孔隙(图4b)和有机质中的晶间孔隙(图4c),孔隙多呈不规则状,孔径差别较大,粒间孔隙多为0.5~1 μm,有机质中的晶间孔隙在50~100 nm(图4b、c)。同时,结合能谱分析发现其中黏土矿物较为发育,多以绿泥石、伊利石等为主,团簇状黄铁矿也较为多见(图4d)。

  • 图3 陕南、汉中地区寒武系综合剖面图

  • Fig.3 Comprehensive profile of Cambrian in southern Shaanxi and Hanzhong areas

  • 通过X射线衍射分析,发现牛蹄塘组灰黑色粉砂质泥岩的矿物组成主要以石英、斜长石和黏土矿物为主,其中石英含量普遍大于40%,钾长石含量普遍大于20%,黏土矿物含量普遍大于15%。黏土矿物的组合较为单一,均以伊/蒙混层+伊利石+绿泥石为主(图5)。

  • 因此,扫描电镜及X射线衍射分析显示汉中地区牛蹄塘组灰黑色粉砂质泥岩中有机质较为丰富,石英等脆性矿物及黏土矿物含量较高,微裂缝及孔隙发育,有利于页岩气生成、赋存以及后期开发。

  • 4 汉中地区牛蹄塘组有机地球化学特征

  • 孙玮等(2012)对四川盆地及周缘地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气资源开展调查,认为牛蹄塘组页岩由川中地区向北、向东和向南3个方向分布,黑色页岩段厚度大,一般在40 m以上,有机碳含量高,多数地区有机碳含量>2%,已达成熟晚期—过成熟早期。陈相霖等(2019)对陕南地区牛蹄塘组页岩研究,认为其有机质类型以I型和Ⅱ1型为主,总有机碳(TOC)含量为0.43%~4.19%,平均值为1.95%,高于页岩气商业开发下限值,具备较好生烃潜力;其TOC含量相对较高,普遍大于2%,为最优质页岩层段,热演化成熟度(Ro)主要为1.91%~2.50%,平均值为2.32%,处于过成熟裂解生气阶段。

  • 图4 汉中盆地牛蹄塘组灰黑色粉砂质泥岩扫描电镜下孔隙特征

  • Fig.4 Pore characteristics of the gray-black silty mudstone of the Niutitang Formation in Hanzhong basin under scanning electron microscopy

  • (a)—矿物颗粒间的裂隙、裂缝;(b)—石英颗粒间规格不同的粒间孔隙;(c)—有机质中的晶间孔隙;(d)—团簇状的黄铁矿

  • (a) —cracks and fissures between mineral particles; (b) —intergranular pores of different sizes between quartz particles; (c) —intergranular pores in organic matter; (d) —clusters of pyrite

  • 图5 汉中盆地牛蹄塘组灰黑色粉砂质泥岩矿物含量(左)及黏土矿物含量(右)特征

  • Fig.5 Distribution characteristics of mineral content (left) and clay mineral content (right) in gray-black silty mudstone of Niutitang Formation, Hanzhong basin

  • 本次研究汉中地区西缘两条剖面的所有样品有机质类型以Ⅱ1型为主,少量为Ⅱ2型,其中16件牛蹄塘组暗色泥岩样品TOC含量为0.80%~2.79%,平均值为1.33%,主要集中在0.80%~1.5%;Ro为0.61%~1.21%,平均值为0.85%。5件石牌组暗色泥岩样品TOC含量为0.45%~0.92%,平均值为0.62%;Ro为0.73%~0.92%,平均值为0.87%(表1、图3)。就样品的有机地化数据而言,汉中地区整体均略低于陕南地区,这可能与汉中地区的样品来自露头剖面,陕南地区样品来自于井下有关。

  • 表1 汉中盆地牛蹄塘组、石牌组剖面样品有机地化数据

  • Table1 Organic geochemical data of profile samples from Niutitang and Shipai formations in Hanzhong basin

  • 我国海相沉积地层普遍具有时代老,碳酸盐岩沉积厚度大,有机质丰度低、有机质热演化程度高的特点(陈建平等,2012)。前人研究表明,广泛分布于中、上扬子地区的下寒武统牛蹄塘组烃源岩处于高成熟阶段,从而导致氯仿沥青“A”、生烃潜量(S1+ S2)、总烃(HC)等指标基本失去了原始的地质指示意义。因此,汉中地区寒武系烃源岩的成熟度偏低显得十分特殊,通过对分析数据进一步整理,发现该组样品的Ro数据测点较少(最多为10个点),另外,其S2值过低,因此,据Ro数据判断样品的低成熟度可能不够准确。需采用样品的生物标志化合物对其成熟度进行判别(图6),发现该区寒武系烃源岩成熟度为成熟,这也和陕南地区该组地层的特征相一致。综上所述,可认为汉中地区寒武系烃源岩应属于中等—好、成熟烃源岩,且牛蹄塘组有机地化指标优于石牌组。

  • 图6 汉中盆地典型牛蹄塘组剖面烃源岩生物标志化合物判别图

  • Fig.6 Source rock biomarker identification diagram of typical Niutizang Formation profile in Hanzhong basin

  • 同时,两条剖面上典型烃源岩的有机碳含量与热解生烃潜力之间存在着较好的线性关系(图7),各样品的生烃潜力与其对应的有机碳含量见表1,也证明汉中盆地牛蹄塘组和石牌组烃源岩具备较好的生烃潜力。

  • 图7 汉中盆地典型牛蹄塘组剖面烃源岩有机碳含量与热解生烃潜力关系图

  • Fig.7 Relationship between organic carbon content and hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks in typical Niutitang Formation profile of Hanzhong basin

  • 另外,汉中地区西侧梁山大南沟等剖面中牛蹄塘组发育大量砂岩、碳酸盐岩结核,将其敲开后散发浓郁的油气味,并快速挥发。这说明该区该层位可能发生过油气运移,对汉中地区具备页岩气资源前景也提供了证据。

  • 5 结论

  • 随着中国南方页岩气勘探范围的不断扩大,陕南地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组也取得了较好的勘探发现,与其同属扬子板块北缘的汉中地区周缘也发育有该套地层。通过对汉中地区开展二维地震测量及解译,并对寒武系开展野外测量及岩石学、有机地球化学等分析测试,认为汉中地区寒武系具备较好的页岩气资源前景:

  • (1)受加里东运动、印支运动及喜马拉雅运动等影响,汉中地区自下而上保留了震旦系—志留系、二叠系—三叠系和古近系—新近系;并且,由于上新世以来西南-北东向挤压及梁山断裂等影响,研究区西部构造改造强于东部。说明汉中地区具备页岩气产层发育基础,且东部地质条件优于西部。

  • (2)汉中地区寒武系岩性组合反映其沉积环境为深水陆棚相、浅海陆棚相、局限海湾和局限台地相沉积,自下而上水体逐渐变浅;牛蹄塘组灰黑色粉砂质泥岩中有机质较为丰富,石英等脆性矿物及黏土矿物含量较高,微裂缝及孔隙发育,有利于页岩气生成、赋存以及后期开发。

  • (3)汉中地区寒武系暗色泥岩有机质类型以Ⅱ1型和Ⅱ2型为主,其中牛蹄塘组TOC含量为0.80%~2.79%,Ro为0.61%~1.21%;石牌组TOC含量为0.45%~0.92%,Ro为0.73%~0.92%,整体属于中等—好、成熟烃源岩,具备良好的生烃潜力。结合汉中地区地形、交通等便利条件,有望实现清洁能源原位开发利用。

  • 致谢:感谢中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心王永和正高级工程师在文中编写中给予的指导和建议,感谢自然资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿重点实验室叶美芳高级工程师和刘三高级工程师在样品扫描电镜及X射线衍射分析中给予的指导和帮助。

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