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作者简介:

张琪琪,男,1993年生。助理研究员,主要从事区域地质与大地构造研究。E-mail:cagszhangqiqi@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    华北地块北缘主要由北侧白乃庙弧带和南侧华北克拉通组成,尽管白云鄂博-多伦-赤峰-开原断裂被认为是克拉通与造山带边界,但在辽北地区该断裂带的具体位置并不明确。华北克拉通与白乃庙弧不同的基底属性和演化历史导致了两大构造单元内岩浆岩(主要为中酸性岩石)具有不同的Nd-Hf同位素组成。本文以辽北地区广泛出露的晚古生代—早中生代花岗质岩石为研究对象,通过对其进行年代学和Hf同位素研究,以此来限定辽北地区克拉通与造山带的边界位置。研究结果表明:位于白乃庙弧与华北克拉通北缘之上的石炭纪和二叠纪—早三叠世花岗质岩石锆石Hf同位素组成具有明显差异,具体表现为前者εHf(t)值均为正值且平均地壳模式年龄TCDM普遍小于1.0 Ga,后者εHf(t)值均为负值且平均地壳模式年龄TCDM普遍大于2.2 Ga。尽管中三叠世花岗质岩石锆石Hf同位素组成变化范围较大且有少量区域重合,但总体上仍表现出不同的特征。本文通过对比辽北地区石炭纪—中三叠世花岗质岩石锆石Hf同位素组成,结合太古宙—古元古代变质结晶基底岩系的分布范围,初步限定了辽北地区古老克拉通(华北克拉通)与年轻造山带(白乃庙弧)的边界位置:阜新北约60 km—彰武西南部—新民北部—法库南部—铁岭西部—开原东部—清河断裂。

    Abstract

    The northern margin of the North China Block consists of the Bainaimiao arc belt in the north, and the North China Craton in the south with the Bayan Obo-Duolun-Chifeng-Kaiyuan fault as the craton-orogen boundary. However, the location of this boundary in the northern Liaoning Province has not been well constrained. The Bainaimiao arc is an island arc with different basement compositions and evolution history from the North China Craton, and the magmatic rocks (mainly intermediate-acid magmatic rocks) have different Nd-Hf isotopic compositions in these two tectonic units.This paper presents new LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronological and Hf isotopic data of late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic granitoids widely exposed in the northern Liaoning Province. The Hf isotopic composition of zircons from Carboniferous and Permian-Early Triassic granitoid rocks located on the Bainaimiao arc and the northern North China Craton is significantly different. The εHf(t) values of the former are positive and the mean crustal model ages TCDM are generally less than 1.0 Ga. The εHf(t) values of the latter are negative and the mean crustal model ages TCDM are generally greater than 2.2 Ga. Although the Hf isotopic composition of zircons from the middle Triassic granitic rocks varies widely, and there are a few overlapping regions, they still show different characteristics in general. The zircon Hf isotopic compositions of Carboniferous-middle Triassic granitoids from the northern Liaoning Province, combined with the distribution range of Archean-Paleoproterozoic metamorphic crystalline basement rocks, showing that the craton-orogen boundary in the northern Liaoning Province is located 60 km to the north of Fuxin-southwest Zhangwu-northern Xinmin-southern Faku-western Tieling-eastern Kaiyuan-Qinghe fault.

  • 华北地块北缘毗邻中亚造山带东南段,主要由两大近东西向构造单元组成,分别为北侧的白乃庙弧带和南侧的华北克拉通北缘,两者以白云鄂博-多伦-赤峰-开原断裂为界(图1)。白乃庙弧带西起内蒙古白云鄂博—达茂旗北部的包尔汉图地区,经白乃庙、正镶白旗、赤峰—翁牛特旗,向东延伸至辽宁北部法库、吉林中部公主岭—方家屯、吉林南部延边地区,近东西向展布>1300 km。该带发育大量早古生代变质火山-沉积岩、具有埃达克岩特征的侵入岩(许立权等,2003; 陶继雄等,2005; 张维和简平,2008; Jian Ping et al.,2008; 李建锋等,2010; 彭树华等,2013; 秦亚等,2013; Zhang Wei et al.,2013; 刘长峰等,2014; Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Pei Fuping et al.,2016; Wang Zhiwei et al.,2016; Zhou Hai et al.,2018; Shi Yi et al.,2019a; Chen Yan et al.,2020; Ma Haitao et al.,2020)。而华北克拉通作为世界上最古老的克拉通之一,具有3.8 Ga以上漫长且复杂的地质演化历史,地层系统主要由太古宙—古元古代变质结晶基底和中—新元古代以来的沉积盖层组成(Liu Dunyi et al.,1992; Wan Yusheng et al.,2005)。白乃庙弧曾被认为是发育在华北克拉通北缘之上的安第斯型岩浆弧(Xiao Wenjiao et al.,2003)或日本型岛弧(胡骁等,1990; Tang Kedong et al.,1990; 高计元等,2001; 贾和义等,2003; 尚恒胜等,2003),但近年来的研究表明其是一个形成于早古生代且具有与华北克拉通不同的前寒武纪基底岛弧,并于晚志留世—早泥盆世以弧-陆碰撞的方式拼贴至华北克拉通北缘(Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014; Zhang Qiqi et al.,201820202021; Pei Fuping et al.,2016; Ma Shouxian et al.,2019; Chen Yan et al.,2020; Zhou Hai et al.,2021)。辽北地区(阜新北部—法库—铁岭—开原地区)位于华北地块北缘东段,地处华北克拉通与白乃庙弧的结合部位。尽管目前普遍以白云鄂博-多伦-赤峰-开原断裂作为华北克拉通与白乃庙弧的构造边界,但在辽北地区,克拉通与造山带的边界位置尚不明确。

  • 图1 中亚造山带(a,据Jahn et al.,2000)和华北地块北缘构造简图(b,据Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2014

  • Fig.1 Sketch tectonic map of Central Asian Orogenic Belt (a, after Jahn et al., 2000) and the northern margin of the North China Block (b, after Zhang Shuanhong et al., 2014)

  • 长期以来,大地构造单元的划分和不同构造单元边界的确定主要依据地表地质体的出露和深部地球物理探测手段。但一些处于构造边界位置的研究区,由于地表覆盖严重,野外露头较差,导致其构造属性不明确或存在争议。地球物理探测无疑是揭示岩石圈结构和基底组成的重要手段,但一方面其时间存在不确定性,另一方面其成本较高。近年来,岩浆岩Nd-Hf同位素组成被广泛应用于揭示深部物质组成结构和划分大地构造单元边界等方面研究(Wang Tao et al.,20092023; Shi Xingjun et al.,2014; Zhang Jianjun et al.,2015; Yang Qidi et al.,2017)。基于此,张琪琪(2021) 系统搜集整理了近20年来关于白乃庙弧所发表的年代学数据及其Nd-Hf同位素组成,并将其与华北克拉通北缘进行了对比,结果显示出露于白乃庙弧带和华北克拉通北缘之上的古生代—早中生代长英质侵入岩和火山岩具有截然不同的Nd-Hf同位素组成,前者具有正至弱负的εNdt)值和εHft)值,而后者普遍具有负的εNdt)值和εHft)值。由此可见,华北克拉通与白乃庙弧不同的基底属性和演化历史直接导致了两大构造单元内岩浆岩(主要为中酸性岩石)具有不同的Nd-Hf同位素组成。由于晚石炭世开始北侧古亚洲洋的持续向南俯冲导致华北克拉通北缘和白乃庙弧带发育了大量晚古生代—早中生代岩浆岩(Zhang Shuanhong et al.,20072009a2009b)。因此,本文选取位于阜新北部和法库—铁岭—开原地区广泛出露的晚古生代—早中生代花岗质岩石为研究对象,利用其锆石Hf同位素组成来限定辽北地区克拉通与造山带的边界位置。

  • 1 地质背景及样品特征

  • 1.1 阜新北部地区

  • 阜新北部地区出露有大规模新太古代基底岩系、少量元古宙地层,早古生代地层仅出露于研究区西北侧,石炭纪—二叠纪地层分布于研究区西部及北部地区。元古宙岩体与新太古代基底岩石分布范围一致,主要岩石类型包括石英二长岩、二长花岗岩和辉长岩;二叠纪—早三叠世岩体遍布全区,岩性主要为花岗质岩石,含少量闪长质岩石(Zhang Xiaohui et al.,2012a);中三叠世岩体主要分布在阜新东北部地区,岩石类型单一,主要为二长花岗岩(Zhang Xiaohui et al.,2012b);晚三叠世岩体分布于研究区中部及南部,岩石类型主要为钾长花岗岩、二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩(Zhang Xiaohui et al.,2012b);侏罗纪—白垩纪岩体同样遍布全区,岩性主要为花岗质岩石。这些晚古生代—中生代岩体普遍未遭受变质变形作用的影响。

  • 本文在阜新北部地区采集了4件二叠纪—早三叠世花岗质岩石样品(21003-1、21005-1、21008-1和21009-1)和1件古元古代花岗质片麻岩样品(21004-1),具体采样位置见表1和图2。样品21003-1岩性为钾长花岗岩,中—粗粒结构,块状构造,矿物组成为钾长石(50%~60%)、石英(20%~30%)、斜长石(5%~10%)和黑云母(2%~5%)(图3a、4a);样品21005-1岩性为黑云母二长花岗岩,中—粗粒结构,块状构造,矿物组成为斜长石(35%~45%)、钾长石(25%~35%)、石英(20%~25%)和黑云母(~5%)(图3b、4b);样品21008-1和21009-1岩性均为钾长花岗岩,中—粗粒似斑状结构,斑晶主要为钾长石和石英,岩体较为破碎(图3c、4c);样品21004-1岩性为富钾花岗质片麻岩,岩石遭受后期强烈变形作用改造,石英具有明显的定向拉长(图3d、4d)。

  • 表1 辽北地区花岗质岩石采样位置和年龄汇总表

  • Table1 Summary of sample locations and ages of the granitoids from the northern Liaoning Province

  • 1.2 法库—铁岭—开原地区

  • 法库地区古生代地层主要为二叠系佟家屯岩组和照北山岩组。佟家屯岩组主要岩石组合为变质安山岩、变质英安岩、阳起片岩、绿泥片岩、绢云母片岩;照北山岩组主要岩石组合为方解大理岩、含透闪石石墨方解大理岩、变粒岩、浅粒岩、石英片岩等(赵春强等,2021)。此外,极少量志留纪变质火山-沉积岩地层分布于法库西北侧(赵春强等,2021)。早古生代志留纪岩体仅分布在法库西北部,岩性主要为花岗闪长岩和英云闪长岩(Shi Yi et al.,2019a);二叠纪—早三叠世岩体则遍布全区,岩石类型主要包括花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩、二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩,含少量中—基性岩石(Zhang Xiaohui et al.,2010; Shi Yi et al.,2019b2022; 时溢等,20202022)。中三叠世岩体分布在法库西南侧和东南侧,主要岩石类型为二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩(Shi Yi et al.,2019b)。在法库县城西北侧和东侧的早古生代—二叠纪沉积岩系和中三叠世之前的岩体普遍遭受不同程度的变质变形作用改造,发育NNE—SSW方向的韧性剪切带(图2)。

  • 铁岭—开原地区西北部和东南部出露的地层及岩体具有很大差异。西北部地层主要为二叠系照北山岩组,岩体包括早石炭世花岗质岩体、早三叠世花岗质岩体和侏罗纪—白垩纪花岗质岩体。其中二叠纪地层和早石炭世花岗质岩体普遍遭受后期变质和变形作用影响,表现为二叠系照北山岩组岩石组合主要为大理岩、变粒岩和石英片岩,早石炭世花岗质岩体呈片麻状构造。东南部则出露有大规模新太古代变质结晶基底岩系和元古宙弱变质地层(凡河群)以及少量二叠纪变质火山-沉积岩地层。古元古代和中元古代辉绿岩床顺层侵入新太古代基底岩系和元古宙地层中(Cai Yuhang et al.,2022; Kong Linghao et al.,2022)。岩体包括早石炭世花岗质岩体、二叠纪—早三叠世花岗质岩体、中—晚三叠世花岗质岩体和侏罗纪—白垩纪花岗质岩体。除早石炭世花岗质岩体发育弱片麻状构造外,其余晚古生代岩体和中生代岩体均未受到后期变质变形作用影响。

  • 图2 辽北地区地质简图(据辽宁省地质勘察院,2012; Liu Jin et al.,2020; Yang Zhili et al.,2021

  • Fig.2 Sketch tectonic map of the northern Liaoning Province (modified after Liaoning Institute of Geological Exploration, 2012; Liu Jin et al., 2020; Yang Zhili et al., 2021)

  • 图3 辽北地区花岗质岩石典型野外照片

  • Fig.3 Representative outcrop photographs of the granitoids from the northern Liaoning Province

  • (a)—样品21003-1,钾长花岗岩;(b)—样品21005-1,黑云母二长花岗岩;(c)—样品21009-1,钾长花岗岩;(d)—样品21004-1,富钾花岗质片麻岩;(e)—样品19077-1,变形的花岗岩;(f)—样品21017-1,黑云母二长花岗岩;(g)—样品21013-1,钾长花岗岩;(h)—样品21019-1,变形的二长花岗岩

  • (a) —K-feldspar granite, sample 21003-1; (b) —biotite monzogranite, sample 21005-1; (c) —K-feldspar granite, sample 21009-1; (d) —granitic gneiss, sample 21004-1; (e) —sample 19077-1, granite was suffered from deformation; (f) —biotite monzogranite, sample 21017-1; (g) —K-feldspar granite, sample 21013-1; (h) —sample 21019-1, monzogranite was suffered from deformation

  • 本文在法库地区和铁岭—开原西北部地区采集了1件早石炭世花岗质岩石样品(20029-1)、4件二叠纪—早三叠世花岗质岩石样品(19077-1、21011-1、 21017-1和21018-1)和3件中三叠世花岗质岩石样品(19083-1、21013-1和21014-2),在开原东部地区采集了1件早石炭世花岗质岩石样品(21019-1),具体采样位置见表1和图2。

  • 样品20029-1岩性为二长花岗岩,中—粗粒似斑状结构,弱片麻状构造,矿物组成为斜长石(35%~45%)、钾长石(30%~40%)和石英(20%~25%)。样品19077-1岩性为花岗岩,中—粗粒结构,片麻状构造,岩石遭受强烈韧性剪切作用改造,石英被强烈拉长呈条带状,可见长石旋转碎斑(图3e、4e);样品21011-1岩性为二长花岗岩,中—粗粒似斑状结构,弱片麻状构造,矿物组成为钾长石(~40%)、斜长石(~35%)和石英(~25%);样品21017-1和21018-1岩性均为黑云母二长花岗岩,中—粗粒似斑状结构,块状构造,矿物组成为斜长石(35%~45%)、钾长石(25%~35%)、石英(20%~25%)和黑云母(~5%)(图3f、4f)。样品19083-1岩性为花岗闪长岩,中—细粒结构,矿物组成为斜长石(55%~65%)、角闪石(15%~25%)和石英(10%~20%);样品21013-1和21014-2岩性为钾长花岗岩,中—粗粒似斑状结构,块状构造,矿物组成为钾长石(50%~60%)、石英(20%~30%)、斜长石(5%~10%)和黑云母(2%~5%)(图3g、4g)。样品21019-1岩性为二长花岗岩,中—细粒结构,矿物组成为钾长石(35%~45%)、斜长石(30%~40%)和石英(20%~25%),岩石遭受后期强烈变形作用改造,石英具有明显的定向拉长(图3h、4h)。

  • 2 分析测试方法

  • 2.1 锆石U-Pb年代学测试

  • 锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学测试在自然资源部古地磁与古构造重建重点实验室完成。激光剥蚀系统由GeoLas 193 nm准分子激光器和MicroLas光学系统组成,ICP-MS型号为Agilent 7900。实验过程中仪器参数及详细测试流程见王森等(2022)。在样品测试过程中采用锆石标准91500和玻璃标准物质NIST610作为外标分别进行同位素和微量元素分馏校正,锆石标样Plesovice监测数据质量。锆石微量元素含量以29Si作为内标进行计算,数据处理采用软件ICPMSDateCal(Liu Yongsheng et al.,20082010)。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄谐和图的绘制和加权平均年龄的计算均采用ISOPLOT/Ex 3.23完成(Ludwig,2003)。

  • 2.2 锆石Hf同位素分析

  • 锆石Hf同位素分析在武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司完成。详细的仪器操作步骤和分析方法见Hu Zhaochu et al.(2012)。实验过程中激光束斑直径为44 μm。初始176Hf/177Hf比值和εHft)值计算采用176Lu衰变常数1.867×10-11/a(Söderlund et al.,2004)、现今球粒陨石Hf同位素比值176Hf/177Hf=0.282772和176Lu/177Hf=0.0332(Blichert-Toft and Albarede,1997)。Hf同位素单阶段模式年龄(TDM)计算采用亏损地幔Hf同位素比值176Hf/177Hf=0.28325和176Lu/177Hf=0.0384(Griffin et al.,2000),平均地壳模式年龄(TCDM)计算采用176Lu/177Hf=0.015(Griffin et al.,2002)。

  • 3 分析结果

  • 3.1 锆石U-Pb年代学结果

  • 阜新北部地区4件花岗质岩石样品(21003-1、21005-1、21008-1和21009-1)分别获得206Pb/238U加权平均年龄273±2 Ma(MSWD=0.53,n=12)、265±1 Ma(MSWD=0.67,n=18)、247±3 Ma(MSWD=2.9,n=12)和247±1 Ma(MSWD=1.3,n=15),其中样品21003-1中还获得一组继承锆石年龄295±2 Ma(MSWD=0.46,n=6)(图5a~d)。所测锆石颗粒发育清晰的振荡环带(图6a~d)并具有较高的Th/U比值(附表1),指示它们为岩浆结晶锆石,因此,以上所获得的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别代表了4件花岗质岩石样品的形成年龄。

  • 对阜新北部地区富钾花岗质片麻岩样品21004-1中18颗锆石进行了18个测点的分析测试,所有测点构成一条不一致线,18个测点获得上交点年龄2450±12 Ma(MSWD=0.60)(图5e),同时这18个测点获得207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄2439±15 Ma(MSWD=0.49)(图5f)。所测锆石具有明显的核边结构(图6e),测点位置均位于核部区域,核部环带发育且Th/U比值较高(附表1),因而2450±12 Ma代表了样品21004-1的结晶年龄。

  • 法库地区和铁岭—开原西北部地区8件花岗质岩石样品(20029-1、19077-1、21011-1、21017-1、21018-1、19083-1、21013-1和21014-2)分别获得 206Pb/238U加权平均年龄349±2 Ma(MSWD=1.5,n=15)、271±3 Ma(MSWD=2.2,n=14)、248±1 Ma(MSWD=0.72,n=17)、248±1 Ma(MSWD=1.2,n=17)、247±2 Ma(MSWD=1.3,n=10)、239±2 Ma(MSWD=1.5,n=14)、237±1 Ma(MSWD=0.86,n=8)和237±1 Ma(MSWD=0.88,n=10)(图5g~n)。所测锆石颗粒多为自形长柱状结构,具有清晰的振荡环带(图6f~m)和较高的Th/U比值(附表1),指示它们为岩浆成因,因此,以上所获得的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别代表了8件花岗质岩石样品的形成年龄。

  • 图4 辽北地区花岗质岩石典型显微照片(正交偏光)

  • Fig.4 Representative photomicrograph of the granitoids from the northern Liaoning Province (cross polarized light)

  • (a)—样品21003-1,钾长花岗岩;(b)—样品21005-1,黑云母二长花岗岩;(c)—样品21008-1,钾长花岗岩;(d)—样品21004-1,富钾花岗质片麻岩;(e)—样品19077-1,花岗岩;(f)—样品21018-1,黑云母二长花岗岩;(g)—样品21013-1,钾长花岗岩;(h)—样品21019-1,二长花岗岩;Q—石英;Kfs—钾长石;Pl—斜长石;Bt—黑云母

  • (a) —K-feldspar granite, sample 21003-1; (b) —biotite monzogranite, sample 21005-1; (c) —K-feldspar granite, sample 21008-1; (d) —granitic gneiss, sample 21004-1; (e) —granite, sample 19077-1; (f) —biotite monzogranite, sample 21018-1; (g) —K-feldspar granite, sample 21013-1; (h) —monzogranite, sample 21019-1; Q—quartz; Kfs—K-feldspar; Pl—plagioclase; Bt—biotite

  • 图5 辽北地区花岗质岩石样品铁石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄谐和图

  • Fig.5 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb concordia diagrams of the zircons from the granitoids in the northern Liaoning Province

  • 图6 辽北地区花岗质岩石样品锆石颗粒典型阴极发光图像以及LA-ICP-MS U-Pb和Lu-Hf测试点位

  • Fig.6 Representative CL images with LA-ICP-MS U-Pb and in-situ Lu-Hf analytical spots of zircon grains from the granitoids in the northern Liaoning Province

  • 对开原东部地区花岗质岩石样品21019-1中18颗锆石进行了18个测点的分析测试,其中4个测点(06、11、13和17)构成一条不一致线,获得上交点年龄1767±68 Ma(MSWD=1.5)(图5o),测点05和测点18具有较老的年龄值,207Pb/206Pb年龄分别为1992±39 Ma和2432±64 Ma,以上年龄均为继承锆石年龄。8个测点获得206Pb/238U加权平均年龄325±3 Ma(MSWD=0.86)(图5p),这些锆石颗粒多呈自形长柱状且振荡环带发育(图6n),指示它们为岩浆成因,因此,325±3 Ma代表了样品21019-1的结晶年龄。

  • 3.2 锆石Hf同位素组成

  • 本文对12件样品进行了锆石原位Lu-Hf同位素分析,测试结果见图7和附表2。

  • 阜新北部地区4件二叠纪—早三叠世花岗质岩石样品(21003-1、21005-1、21008-1和21009-1)具有相似的Hf同位素组成:同岩浆结晶锆石初始176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282671~0.282796,εHft)值为2.3~6.3,Hf同位素单阶段模式年龄TDM介于851~644 Ma,平均地壳模式年龄TCDM介于1145~877 Ma。

  • 铁岭北部早石炭世花岗岩样品20029-1中2粒继承锆石初始176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282720~0.282738,εHft)值为6.2~6.8,Hf同位素单阶段模式年龄TDM介于763~745 Ma,平均地壳模式年龄TCDM介于972~933 Ma。9粒同岩浆结晶锆石初始176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282696~0.282747,εHft)值为5.0~6.8,Hf同位素单阶段模式年龄TDM介于809~722 Ma,平均地壳模式年龄TCDM介于1037~922 Ma。

  • 法库南部早三叠世花岗岩样品21011-1中同岩浆结晶锆石初始176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282668~0.282747,εHft)值为1.8~4.6,Hf同位素单阶段模式年龄TDM介于819~704 Ma,平均地壳模式年龄TCDM介于1165~987 Ma。铁岭—开原西北部早三叠世花岗岩样品21017-1和21018-1中同岩浆结晶锆石初始176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282828~0.282868,εHft)值为7.4~8.9,Hf同位素单阶段模式年龄TDM介于594~534 Ma,平均地壳模式年龄TCDM介于804~711 Ma。

  • 法库西部中三叠世花岗岩样品19083-1中同岩浆结晶锆石初始176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282799~0.282908,εHft)值为6.2~10.1,Hf同位素单阶段模式年龄TDM介于647~484 Ma,平均地壳模式年龄TCDM介于874~627 Ma。法库东南部中三叠世花岗岩样品21013-1和21014-2中同岩浆结晶锆石初始176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282475~0.282676,εHft)值为-5.3~1.8,Hf同位素单阶段模式年龄TDM介于1095~806 Ma,平均地壳模式年龄TCDM介于1603~1154 Ma。

  • 图7 辽北地区石炭纪—中三叠世花岗质岩石εHft)-年龄图和平均地壳模式年龄TCDM-年龄图(数据来源于表3)

  • Fig.7 εHf (t) vs. age and TCDM vs. age of the Carboniferous to middle Triassic granitoids from the northern Liaoning Province (data from Table 3)

  • 开原东部早石炭世花岗岩样品21019-1中同岩浆结晶锆石初始176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282104~0.282175,εHft)值为-16.5~-14.0,Hf同位素单阶段模式年龄TDM介于1581~1496 Ma,平均地壳模式年龄TCDM介于2374~2218 Ma。

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 法库地区的构造属性

  • 法库地区位于华北地块北缘东段,地处克拉通与造山带边界位置。由于区内中生代之前的地质体普遍遭受不同程度的变质变形作用改造,加之缺乏可靠的年代学资料,早期研究将这些变质岩系划分为相当于辽东地区辽河群的浪子山组、大石桥组和盖县组,并划分出一系列元古宙混合岩和混合花岗岩(辽宁省地质矿产局,1971)。这些变质岩系长期以来被认为是地台基底型建造(辽宁省地质矿产局,1989; 崔盛芹,2000),因而法库地区被认为是华北克拉通的组成部分。然而,后期的区域地质调查认为法库地区变质岩系实则是原岩为深成侵入体和火山-沉积岩系经后期韧性剪切变形作用改造而形成的变质杂岩(辽宁省地质矿产局,1996)。近年来,随着研究工作的不断深入和高精度年代学数据的获得,法库地区变质岩系的岩石组合及原岩形成时代已基本明确。法库变质岩系中原划分为古元古界辽河群的地层实则为二叠纪—早三叠世变质火山-沉积岩地层,岩石组合包括大理岩、变粒岩、石英片岩、变质安山岩、变质英安岩、绿泥片岩、绢云母片岩等(赵春强等,2021; 时溢等,2022);原定为元古宙的混合岩和混合花岗岩实则为二叠纪—早三叠世深成侵入体遭受韧性剪切变形作用后的产物,侵入体岩石类型主要为花岗岩和花岗闪长岩,包括少量二长岩、正长岩和辉长岩(张晓晖等,20042005; Zhang Xiaohui et al.,2010; 时溢等,20202022; Shi Yi et al.,2019a2019b2022; 王雷等,2021; 赵春强等,2021)。此外,随着大比例尺填图工作的开展,在原定为辽河群的一些早古生界岩石单元以及零星分布的晚泥盆世—早石炭世基性—超基性岩石逐步被识别出来(Shi Yi et al.,2019a2022)。由此可见,辽北法库地区原定为与华北克拉通相似的基底型变质岩系实则是古生代—早三叠世时期的产物(表2)。与此同时,研究内出露的不同时代花岗质岩石的εHft)均为正值,平均地壳模式年龄TCDM普遍小于1.0 Ga,这与同时期华北克拉通范围内花岗质岩石中锆石Hf同位素组成截然不同(表3和图7)。因此,这些年代学数据和Hf同位素组成表明法库地区并不存在大规模的前寒武纪变质结晶基底,其不属于华北克拉通的组成部分,而是属于北侧白乃庙弧的组成部分。

  • 4.2 辽北地区克拉通与造山带边界的限定

  • 白云鄂博-多伦-赤峰-开原断裂作为华北克拉通与中亚造山带的边界是目前普遍认同的观点。但该断裂带展布达上千千米,断裂带两侧地质记录的完整性和中—新生代沉积覆盖等情况会直接影响克拉通与造山带边界位置的确定。在断裂带西部的白云鄂博—达茂旗和白乃庙地区,断裂带两侧的地层分布、古生物种属、构造形迹和岩浆活动等在晚古生代之前表现出巨大差异(李双庆,1997; 许立权等,2003),且古生代岩浆岩Nd-Hf同位素组成在断裂带两侧截然相反(Zhou Hai et al.,2018),因而克拉通与造山带边界位置在这些地区已经有较好的限定。但在松辽盆地南侧的辽北地区,克拉通与造山带边界位置并不清楚。长期以来法库地区出露的变质岩系被认为是与华北克拉通东部陆块古元古界辽河群相似的变质基底岩系,但近年来的研究结果显示这些变质岩系的形成时代实则是古生代—早三叠世,因而法库地区并非华北克拉通的组成部分。法库地区构造属性的明确进而指示辽北地区克拉通与造山带的边界位置应在法库南部。

  • 表2 法库地区志留纪—早三叠世岩浆岩年龄汇总表

  • Table2 Summary of zircon U-Pb ages of the Silurian-early Triassic magmatic rocks from the Faku area

  • 表3 辽北地区晚古生代—早中生代花岗质岩石锆石Hf同位素汇总表

  • Table3 Summary of zircon Hf isotopic compositions of the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic granitoids from the northern Liaoning Province

  • 本文对辽北地区出露的石炭纪、二叠纪—早三叠世和中三叠世花岗质岩石进行系统地采样分析和数据整理(表3、图7、图8)。结果显示:研究区内边界两侧石炭纪和二叠纪—早三叠世花岗质岩石锆石Hf同位素组成具有明显差异,具体表现为边界北侧石炭纪和二叠纪—早三叠世花岗质岩石锆石εHft)值均为正值且平均地壳模式年龄TCDM普遍小于1.0 Ga,边界南侧石炭纪和二叠纪—早三叠世花岗质岩石锆石εHft)值均为负值且平均地壳模式年龄TCDM普遍大于2.2 Ga。尽管中三叠世花岗质岩石锆石Hf同位素组成变化范围较大且有少量区域重合,但总体上仍表现出不同的特征,这一变化很可能与古亚洲洋的闭合导致岩浆源区或构造环境发生改变有关(Zhang Xiaohui et al.,2012a2012b; Shi Yi et al.,2019b; Liu Jin et al.,2020; 时溢等,20202022; Yang Zhili et al.,2021; 陈井胜等,2022)。因此,本文通过对比辽北地区晚古生代—早中生代花岗质岩石锆石Hf同位素组成特征,结合太古宙—古元古代变质结晶基底岩系的分布范围,初步限定了辽北地区古老克拉通(华北克拉通)与年轻造山带(白乃庙弧)的边界位置:阜新北约60 km—彰武西南—新民北—法库南—铁岭西—开原东(图2)。

  • 4.3 克拉通与造山带边界在开原东部地区的延伸

  • 开原东部地区存在两条NWW向且近于平行的深大断裂,分别为北侧的寇河断裂和南侧的清河断裂(图2)。无论是传统槽台学说还是早期板块构造学说均认为清河断裂以南为地台区/华北克拉通,分布大面积的新太古代变质结晶基底岩系,而清河断裂以北并无太古宙地质体的存在,主要分布早古生代变质岩系(称为“清河镇岩群”或“开原岩群”),因而将清河断裂作为槽台/克拉通与造山带边界。而近年来的研究在清河断裂以北识别出一些新太古代变质表壳岩和中太古代TTG片麻岩(刘锦等,2017a; Liu Jin et al.,2017b; 赵辰等,2018),由此刘锦等(2017a) 认为清河断裂与寇河断裂之间的区域可能普遍存在新太古代基底岩系,提出华北克拉通北缘边界应为寇河断裂,而非清河断裂。此外,Liu Jin et al.(2020)通过对比寇河断裂两侧花岗岩锆石Hf同位素组成,进一步证实寇河断裂是华北克拉通北缘边界。然而,本文通过对以上文献中数据的分析和不同地质体接触关系的研究,认为华北克拉通北缘边界是清河断裂而非寇河断裂,主要依据如下:① 清河地区识别出的太古宙地质体出露面积非常有限且均产出于清河断裂附近,形态上呈大小不等的包体、孤岛状等赋存于古生代—中生代岩体中或与二叠纪地层呈断层接触(刘锦等,2017a; Liu Jin et al.,2017b; 赵辰等,2018);② 原定为早古生代变质岩系的“清河镇岩群”或“开原岩群”被证实为是由不同时代、不同大地构造单元内的地质体组成的构造混杂岩带(陈跃军等,2006; 赵辰等,2018);③ 清河断裂以北发育一套晚二叠世浅变质中—基性火山岩建造,其中安山岩和玄武安山岩具有非常亏损的Nd-Hf同位素组成(全岩εHft)值高达11.0)(Yuan Lingling et al.,2016),这与华北克拉通同时期中—基性岩浆岩Nd-Hf同位素组成具有很大差异(Zhang Shuanhong et al.,2009b2009c2016; Zhang Xiaohui et al.,2012a);④ Liu Jin et al.(2020)在对比寇河断裂两侧花岗岩锆石Hf同位素组成时,其中清河断裂与寇河断裂之间的晚三叠世花岗岩(235±2 Ma)样品仅有一个,其εHft)平均值为-5.0,这一平均值更接近于白乃庙弧中的样品值(图8),而其余具有与华北克拉通属性相似的花岗岩样品均位于清河断裂以南。这不足以支撑华北克拉通北缘边界是寇河断裂而非清河断裂的观点。综上所述,本文认为沿清河断裂出露的太古宙地质体是克拉通与造山带之间构造混杂岩中的组成部分,清河断裂以北并不存在大规模的太古宙变质基底岩系,华北克拉通北缘边界是清河断裂而非寇河断裂。

  • 图8 辽北地区石炭纪—中三叠世花岗质岩石εHft)和平均地壳模式年龄TCDM频谱图(数据来源于表3)

  • Fig.8 Probability density plots of the εHf (t) and TCDM for the Carboniferous to middle Triassic granitoids from the northern Liaoning Province (data from Table3)

  • 5 结论

  • (1)辽北地区位于白乃庙弧与华北克拉通北缘之上的石炭纪和二叠纪—早三叠世花岗质岩石锆石Hf同位素组成具有明显差异,具体表现为前者εHft)值均为正值且平均地壳模式年龄TCDM普遍小于1.0 Ga,后者εHft)值均为负值且平均地壳模式年龄TCDM普遍大于2.2 Ga。尽管中三叠世花岗质岩石锆石Hf同位素组成变化范围较大且有少量区域重合,但总体上仍表现出不同的特征。

  • (2)通过对比辽北地区石炭纪—中三叠世花岗质岩石锆石Hf同位素组成,结合太古宙—古元古代变质结晶基底岩系的分布范围,初步限定了辽北地区古老克拉通(华北克拉通)与年轻造山带(白乃庙弧)的边界位置:阜新北约60 km—彰武西南—新民北—法库南—铁岭西—开原东—清河断裂。

  • 致谢:感谢武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司在锆石Hf同位素测试中给予的帮助。感谢两位匿名审稿人对本文提出的建设性建议。

  • 附件:本文附件(附表1、2)详见http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxb/dzxb/article/abstract/202406092?st=article_issue

  • 注释

  • ❶ 辽宁省地质勘察院.2012.1∶25万建造构造图(阜新幅和铁岭幅).

  • ❷ 辽宁省地质矿产局.1971.1∶20万铁岭幅矿产图及说明书.

  • ❸ 辽宁省地质矿产局.1996.1∶5万区域地质调查报告(法库幅、五台幅和大明幅).

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