• WANG Le

  WANG Le

  1 Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
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• GAO Shen

  GAO Shen

  3 School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
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• QIN Kezhang

  QIN Kezhang

  1 Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 4 College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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• SONG Guoxue

  SONG Guoxue

  4 College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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• HAN Ri

  HAN Ri

  1 Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 4 College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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• SU Shiqiang

  SU Shiqiang

  1 Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 4 College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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• GUO Jihai

  GUO Jihai

  5 Heilongjiang Baoshan Mining Co., Ltd., Heihe, Heilongjiang 164300, China
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• PANG Xuyong

  PANG Xuyong

  6 Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
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• LI Guangming

  LI Guangming

  1 Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 4 College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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This study was jointly funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42202085, 42272080), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 2020M680666, 2021T140660), postdoctoral program of China Scholarship Council (Grant No. 202104910161), and National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC0601305). We thank company geologists Liang Haijun and Tong Kuangyin for their logistical assistance and discussions during fieldwork. Li Zhenzhen, Jin Luying, Zhao Chao, Zou Xinyu, and Li Li are thanked for their help in the fieldwork. Yang Saihong is thanked for help with SEM analyses. We thank Editor-in-Chief Hou Zengqian, Executive Editor Fei Hongcai, and Scientific Editor Fang Xiang for handling. We appreciate the comments from the Associate Editor Chi Guoxiang and two anonymous reviewers.