This study was jointly funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42202085, 42272080), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 2020M680666, 2021T140660), postdoctoral program of China Scholarship Council (Grant No. 202104910161), and National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC0601305). We thank company geologists Liang Haijun and Tong Kuangyin for their logistical assistance and discussions during fieldwork. Li Zhenzhen, Jin Luying, Zhao Chao, Zou Xinyu, and Li Li are thanked for their help in the fieldwork. Yang Saihong is thanked for help with SEM analyses. We thank Editor-in-Chief Hou Zengqian, Executive Editor Fei Hongcai, and Scientific Editor Fang Xiang for handling. We appreciate the comments from the Associate Editor Chi Guoxiang and two anonymous reviewers.