The key ecological area in the upper reaches of Xiangjiang River in north of the Nanling Mountains is taken as the research area, obtain a distribution map of the importance and ecological sensitivity of ecosystem services.Methods: Combined with InVEST model and GIS techniques, the importance of water conservation, the importance of biodiversity maintenance, the sensitivity of rocky desertification, and the sensitivity of soil and water loss were evaluated by using the water balance method, sediment transport ratio module and ArcGIS spatial analysis function in the invest model. Results: The results showed that: ① The extremely important of water conservation function is 5365. 90 km2, 31.86%; extremely important for biodiversity maintenance function is 1779. 61 km2, 10. 57%; the extremely sensitive area of rocky desertification is 11. 38 km2, 0. 07%; extremely sensitive to soil erosion is 436. 40 km2, 2. 59%. ② The extremely important ecological area is 5930. 25 km2, 35. 21%; the ecologically sensitive area is 443. 55 km2, 2. 63%, mainly distributed in Daoxian County, Dong’an County, Guiyang County, Ningyuan County and Shuangpai County. ③ The ecological protection level V area in the area accounts for the largest proportion, with 36. 71%, mainly distributed in areas with abundant mountains and lush vegetation. Conclusions: The ecological background in the area is excellent, the problem of water and soil loss is serious. There is a risk of rocky desertification, and the ecological importance and sensitivity of historical mining areas are high.