Military geology has become an essential component of the three- dimensional, transparent, and information- driven battlefield environment. Remote sensing technology provides extensive, dynamic, multi- perspective, and repetitive data for ground observation, offering rich data sources for the extraction and application of military geological information. This article presents an overview of military geology and related remote sensing image data, focus on current research in the extraction and application of military geological information from remote sensing images, including rock formations, soil bodies, water bodies, geological structures, geological hazards, and geological resources. It summarizes and analyzes the challenges and development trends in military geological information extraction and application, highlighting issues such as low accuracy and instability in the extraction process, which limit the potential of military geological elements in military applications. In the future, with the rapid advancement of technologies such as deep learning, artificial intelligence, and large language models, the extraction and application of military geological information based on remote sensing images hold promising prospects.