A great amount of heavy metals were discharged into the surface water in west Henan molybdenum ore concentrated area during mining activities, resulting in obviously negative influence on the quality of the surface water and human health. However, the sources of heavy metals in surface water and their pollution level have been unclear. Methods: Surface water samples were collected from five rivers in the Luanchuan ore concentration area during both wet and dry seasons in 2019. Heavy metals (Mo, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) in the surface water were determined. Pollution level and human health risk induced by drinking surface water were also assessed by single factor assessment, comprehensive pollution index and health risk assessment model. Results: The results indicated that Mo/Zn/Cd and Mo/Hg/Cd were the primary pollutions in the surface water during wet season and dry season, respectively. In the surface water, Mo mainly originated from Mo mines; Pb and Zn were mainly derived from Pb/Zn mines and Mo mines; Cd mainly originated from Au mines and Pb/Zn mines; Hg was mainly derived from Au mining activities. All rivers in the studied area suffered from heavy pollution. Moreover, the quality of surface water during dry season was worse than that during wet season. For the different rivers, the quality of surface water was as followed: Yi River>Shibaogou River>Taowanbeigou River>Yu River>Beigou River during wet season and Yi River>Shibaogou River>Yu River >Taowanbeigou River>Beigou River during dry season. The results were attributed to the types of mines and intensity of mining activities along the rivers. The levels of total individual annual health risk were all lower than the acceptable risk levels of US EPA. However, the levels of total individual annual health risk for children in wet and dry season and adults in dry season were higher than the acceptable risk levels of ICRP. Conclusions:The investigation and assessment of heavy metal pollution in the surface water in the Luanchuan ore concentrated area can contribute to the control and management of heavy metal pollution in surface water.