In the first half of the 20th Century, the significant role of mineral resource exploration in economic construction has attracted high attention of the local governments. Surveys of geological and mineral resources have been organized all over the country except Xizang(Tibet). Through the review of provincial archives, government bulletins and periodicals of the Republic of China, this paper makes a macro review and case analysis of the investigation background, organizational forms and functions of geological and mineral resources organized by local governments during the period of the Republic of China. It is hoped that this study can provide some reference for the organizational construction of local resource survey by exploring the organizational form and general characteristics during the period of Republic of China.