This paper examines the recently enacted Critical Minerals Consistency Act in the United States, arguing that its purpose is to bolster the U.S.'s dominant position in the global supply chain of critical minerals and reduce dependence on imports of such minerals from foreign countries, particularly China. This will have profound implications for the security of China's critical minerals supply chain. Therefore, this paper proposes that the Act will lead to significant changes in the competitive landscape of the Chinese market, posing enormous challenges to the stability of supply chains, the green transformation and upgrading of the mining industry, and the demand for technological innovation. Based on this analysis, the paper suggests that China should strengthen the foundation of domestic critical mineral resources, timely assess and adjust the list of strategic minerals, closely monitor new trends in global supply chain adjustments, and expand diversified and autonomous mining markets as strategies to address risks in the critical minerals supply chain.