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作者简介:

何世军,男,1986年生,工程师,从事区域地质调查及矿产地质勘查工作;E-mail:77074038@qq.com。

通讯作者:

刘军平,男,1983年生,在读博士研究生、高级工程师,主要从事区域地质与构造地质调查及相关研究工作;E-mail:271090834@qq.com。;

周晓锋,男,1971年生,学士,高级工程师,主要从事矿产勘查及矿产资源管理;E-mail:zgwjzxf@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    通过会理—东川—易门地区1∶50000区域地质调查,在滇中易门六街一带“昆阳群”黑山头组底部发现一套流纹质凝灰岩夹层,厚约20~45 m,采用锆石激光剥蚀法(LA-ICP-MS)对流纹质凝灰岩进行年代测定,获得锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为1412±20 Ma(MSWD=0.72,n=15),代表了该凝灰岩的形成时代,说明黑山头组沉积时代为中元古代中期,是滇中地区首次发现~1.4 Ga岩浆记录,进而限定了昆阳群沉积时代为中元古代中期—新元古代早期(1.5~0.9 Ga)。岩石地球化学及Hf同位素研究表明,流纹质凝灰岩富集K、Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti 等高场强元素,显示出与岛弧钙碱性火山岩的特点,属于典型的岛弧型岩浆岩;锆石εHf(t)值兼具正值和负值,指示岩浆源区主要与古元古代(2438~2030 Ma)俯冲洋壳板片的熔融有关,并伴有地壳物质的混入。本年龄数据与中元古代菜子园蛇绿混杂岩端元辉长岩(~1.4 Ga)年龄相当,可能为菜子园—易门洋开始削减的产物,该时期是菜子园—易门洋裂解—俯冲转换的重要时期。结合河口、新平、撮科一带陆续发现高压变质岩及蛇绿混杂岩,绿汁江断裂在绿汁镇—元谋一带存在构造混杂现象,推断菜子园—易门洋在河口金沙江一带由西转向南沿着绿汁江断裂带由通安—河口—元谋—绿汁—新平一带展布。

    Abstract

    Objectives: Through the successive 1∶50000 regional geological survey in Huili—Dongchuan—Yimen area, a large set of rhyolitic tuff interlayers with a width of about 20~45 m at the base of the Heishantou Formation of the "Kunyang Group" in the Liujie area of Yimen, central Yunnan.

    Results: Zircon laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was employed to date the rhyolitic tuff, with a weighted average zircon U-Pb age of 1412±20 Ma (MSWD=0.72, n=15), representing the formation age of the tuff, This result shows that the sedimentary age of the Heishantou Formation is in the middle Proterozoic, which is the first 1.4 Ga magmatic record found in central Yunnan, and defines the sedimentary age of the Kunyang Group as the middle Proterozoic to the early Neoproterozoic (1.5~0.9 Ga).

    Conclusions: The study of rock geochemistry and Hf isotopes shows that the rhyolitic tuff is rich in large ion lithophile elements such as K, Rb, and Th, and deficient in high field strength elements such as Nb, Ta, and Ti, displaying characteristics similar to island arc calc-alkaline volcanic rocks, zircon εHf(t) value has both positive and negative values, indicating that the magma source area was mainly formed by the melting of subducted oceanic crust sheets in the Paleoproterozoic (2438~2030 Ma), accompanied by the mixing of crustal materials. This age data is similar to that the age of the important end-member gabbro (~1.4 Ga) in the Mesoproterozoic Caiziyuan ophiolite melange belt, and may be the product of the beginning of the reduction of Caiziyuan—Yimen Ocean, which is an important period of the splitting and subduction transformation of Caiziyuan—Yimen Ocean. Combined with the high pressure metamorphic rocks and ophiolite melanges successively discovered in Hekou, Xinping and Cuoke, the tectonic melange phenomenon of the Lzhijiang fault is found in the Lzhizhen — Yuanmou area, which infers that Caiziyuan—Yimen Ocean is likely to be distributed along the Lzhijiang fault zone from the west to the south along the Jinsha River in the Hekou from Tong’an—Hekou— Yuanmou—Lzhi—Xinping.

  • “昆阳群”出露于云南元江、易门、武定及东川等地区,为一套浅变质的陆源碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩夹火山岩,细分为下亚群(黄草岭组、黑山头组、大龙口组、美党组)和上亚群(因民组、落雪组、鹅头厂组(区域上相当黑山组)、绿汁江组(区域上相当青龙山组)),各组级岩石地层单位的野外接触关系清晰,但上亚群、下亚群之间均为断层接触,上、下关系及沉积时代一直存在争议,并持续半个多世纪,简称“正八组”与“倒八组”之争(李希勣等,1984曹瑞骥等,1984鄢芸樵,1986吴懋德等,1990戴恒贵,1997孙志明等,2009耿元生等,2017高林志等,2018刘军平等,2018a2018b2020a2020bLiu Junping et al.,202020212023)。2010年,由成都地质调查中心组织的“全国地层委员会”在云南召开现场会,通过野外考察及取得的最新同位素年龄决定将:下亚群称昆阳群,上亚群称东川群,东川群的沉积时限1.75~1.40 Ga,昆阳群沉积时限1.40~1.0 Ga,两者仍划归中元古界(孙志明等,2009中国地质调查局科技外事部,2010高林志等,2018刘军平等,2018a2018b2019)。

  • 近年来,随着同位素地质年代学的飞速发展及应用,滇中地区获得大批中元古代岩浆年龄,如易门地区因民组中凝灰岩获得1742±13 Ma(Zhao Xinfu et al.,2010);孙志明等(2009)在东川地区黑山组凝灰岩获得1503±17 Ma的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄;潘泽伟等(2014)在禄武断陷盆地内鹅头厂含铁矿凝灰岩获得1448±5 Ma的Sm-Nd等时线年龄;刘军平等(2018b)在峨山甸中地区东川群黑山组凝灰岩中获得1569±5 Ma的锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄;刘军平等(2020a)在禄丰地区东川群黑山组球颗玄武岩及凝灰岩分别为1678±10 Ma和1572±19 Ma年龄;东川地区大量辉绿岩的U-Pb年龄集中1750~1650 Ma(Zhao Xinfu et al.,2010朱华平等,2011);通安地区侵入至东川群中的辉绿岩—闪长岩的U-Pb年龄为1513±13 Ma、1531+18 Ma(耿元生等,2012);武定地区侵入至因民组中辉绿岩锆石的U-Pb年龄为1767±15 Ma(郭阳等,2014);易门铜厂地区获得1842±26 Ma、1860±25 Ma凝灰质板岩(刘军平等,2018c)、易门大黑山获得1876±11 Ma石英闪长岩(未发表数据)及易门狮子山地区1858±18 Ma辉绿岩(刘军平等,2020b),其它同位素年龄主要集中在1.1~1.0 Ga之间(张传恒等,2007尹福光等,2012崔晓庄,2020刘军平等,2018a2021b)。以上同位素资料统计表明,目前滇中—通安地区岩浆年龄集中在1.1~1.0 Ga、1.8~1.5 Ga,而1.4~1.2 Ga的岩浆年龄及构造事件鲜有报道。

  • 图1 滇中地区地质简图(a)(据 Zhao Xinfu et al.,2010)、云南易门六街地区地质简图及采样点(b)

  • Fig.1 Simplified geological map of central Yunnan (a) (modified after Zhao Xinfu et al., 2010) and Geological map and sampling points in Yimen Liujie area, Yunnan (b)

  • 目前扬子西南缘通安—菜子园一带菜子园蛇绿混杂岩带中辉长岩获得1375±7 Ma锆石U-Pb年龄(任光明等,2017),攀西地块会理一带黑山组顶部凝灰岩获得1414±25 Ma及1394±26 Ma锆石U-Pb年龄(刘伟等,2019),而滇中地块至今无~1.4 Ga年龄数据报道,从而限制了菜子园洋的空间展布及演化的探讨,更制约着滇中地块与攀西地块构造属性、地层分区划分的对比。本文报道了扬子西南缘滇中易门地区“昆阳群”黑山头组流纹质凝灰岩锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS年龄、岩石地球化学特征、Lu—Hf同位素特征及区域上新发现,结合区域相关资料及野外调查成果,旨在查明滇中地区~1.4 Ga岩浆记录及岩石组合,绿汁江断裂的物质组成及构造属性,探讨菜子园—易门洋空间展布、物质组成及演化过程。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 研究区位于云南易门六街地区,位于扬子陆块区(Ⅵ)之上扬子古陆块(Ⅵ-2)的楚雄陆内盆地(Ⅵ-2-12)和康滇基底断隆带(Ⅵ-2-11)二个三级构造单元的接壤地段,地层区划隶属华南地层大区扬子地层区(Ⅵ4)的康滇地层分区(Ⅵ42)之昆明地层小区(Ⅵ42-2)。研究区出露地层为中元古界昆阳群、南华系澄江组及第四系❶❷(图1)。中元古界为是一套碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩夹火山岩建造,为古裂谷(后期或转化为古弧—盆系)环境的沉积,在全球Rodinia超大陆汇聚的背景下,遭受了区域低温动力变质作用的改造,岩石变质程度普遍达低绿片岩相,构成上扬子古陆块的褶皱基底(刘军平等,2023)。

  • 图2 云南易门地区黑山头组流纹质凝灰岩采样柱状图(a)、野外露头(b)、手标本(c)及显微照片(d、e)

  • Fig.2 Sampling stratigraphical bar chart(a), outcrop(b), hand specimen(c), photomicrograph(d,e)of rhyolitic tuff from Heishantou Formation in Yimen County, central Yunnan Province

  • 中元古界昆阳群黑山头组岩性为灰色石英砂岩、粉砂岩、砂岩,底部偶夹流纹质凝灰岩、泥岩,岩石均轻微变质;昆阳群大龙口组岩性为深灰色块状叠层石灰岩、白云质灰岩,偶夹泥岩、钙质泥岩,岩石均轻微变质;昆阳群美党组岩性为灰色钙质泥岩、粉砂岩、砂岩不等厚互层,偶夹泥灰岩,岩石均轻微变质;南华系澄江组中上部岩性以紫色砂岩、粉砂岩为主,局部夹发育厚度不等的凝灰岩及凝灰质泥岩,底部常以砾岩或含砾砂岩,与下伏昆阳群黑山头组呈角度不整合接触;低洼处发育少量第四系松散堆积(Qh)(刘军平等,2021a2023)。

  • 2 样品采集及测试

  • 本次在易门—罗茨断裂以东前人划分的易门六街镇一带“原昆阳群”黑山头组发现一套流纹质凝灰岩(D008-1)夹层,宽约20~45 m(图2a)。岩石新鲜色为灰白色,具凝灰结构,薄中层状构造。岩石主要由连续定向排列的绢云母(30%~50%)组成,含一定量变余塑性玻屑(45%~55%)和少量变余晶屑(8%~15%)、金属矿物(3%~5%);粒径d<2 mm。其中变余塑性玻屑压扁、拉长,呈透镜状、蚯蚓状、肠状,已强烈绢云母化;变余晶屑不规则状、变余板状、尖棱角状,现多被石英集合体所取代,从假象看成分主要为石英、长石。手标本及显微镜下照片见图2b、c、d。

  • 流纹质凝灰岩中的锆石单矿物分选由南京宏创地质勘查技术服务有限公司完成。原岩样品粉碎成74 μm粉末,淘洗后除去轻矿物,将得到的重砂部分经电磁选后得到含少量杂质的锆石样品,最后在双目镜下挑选出锆石晶体,选择晶型较好,无裂隙的锆石颗粒粘贴在环氧树脂表面制成锆石样品靶,打磨样品靶,使锆石的中心部位暴露出来,然后进行抛光。拍摄锆石颗粒的反射光、透射光和阴极发光(CL)图像,U-Pb和Lu—Hf同位素测试需据其特点来选取合适的颗粒及区域(Hoskin and Schaltegger,2003)。U-Pb同位素、锆石微量和Lu—Hf同位素测试分别在湖北省地质实验室测试中心及武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司完成。U-Pb同位素激光剥蚀系统为GeoLasPro,ICP-MS为Agilent 7700,激光束斑直径24 μm,锆石年龄标样是91500,采用锆石采用 n207 Pb)/ n206 Pb)年龄,用Isoplot程序(3.0版)计算加权平均值及绘制U-Pb谐和图(Ludwing,2003),并测试出相应锆石微量分析值。

  • 表1 云南易门地区黑山头组流纹质凝灰岩的全岩主量(%)、微量和稀土(×10-6)元素分析数据

  • Table1 Whole-rock major(%)and trace(×10-6)element analyses of rhyolitic tuff from Heishantou Formation in Yimen County, central Yunnan Province

  • Lu—Hf同位素检测仪器为激光剥蚀多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪,采用n179Hf)/ n177Hf)=0.7325对Hf同位素比值和n173Yb)/ n172Yb)=1.35274对Yb同位素比值进行指数归一化质量校正(Hu Zhaochu,2008)。

  • 选择4件流纹质凝灰岩样品分别进行主量、稀土和微量元素分析。样品磨碎至74 μm后,在武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司完成。主量元素使用X-射线荧光光谱仪(XRF-1500)法测试。用0.6 g样品和6 g四硼酸锂制成的玻璃片在ShimadzuXRF-1500上测定氧化物的质量分数值,精度优于2%~3%。微量元素及稀土元素利用酸溶法制备样品,使用ICP-MS(ElementⅡ)测试,分析精度(按照GSR-1和GSR-2国家标准):当元素质量分数值大于10×10-6时,相对误差小于5%,当质量分数值小于10×10-6时,相对误差小于10%(Vervoort et al.,1996)。

  • 3 分析结果

  • 3.1 地球化学特征

  • 3.1.1 主量元素

  • 4 件样品主量、微量元素分析结果见表1,流纹质凝灰岩样品SiO2含量71.8%~77.9%(平均75.5%),TiO2含量0.30%~1.01%,Al2O3含量10.8%~16.2%(平均13.0%),Na2O+K2O=4.42%~7.16%,K2O 含量较高,为4.32%~6.36%,K2O/Na2O>1,属钾质酸性火山岩。在TAS图解(图3a)中,火山岩全部落入流纹岩区域,4件样品定名与镜下鉴定成果无差别。在AFM图解中(图3b)样品投影点落在钙碱性系列区内。

  • 3.1.2 稀土元素和微量元素

  • 流纹质凝灰岩的稀土总量ΣREE为189×10-6~401×10-6,平均296×10-6,稀土总量ΣREE 中等;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线右倾型,(La/Yb)N = 3.99~25.0,反映轻重稀土分馏明显,轻稀土富集;δCe=0.72~1.00,δEu=0.54~0.73,平均0.61,铕表现中等负异常特征(图4a)。

  • 表2 云南易门地区黑山头组流纹质凝灰岩锆石 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 年龄值

  • Table2 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb data of rhyolitic tuff from Heishantou Formation in Yimen County, central Yunnan Province

  • 图3 云南易门地区流纹质凝灰岩TAS图解(a)(据Middlemost et al.,1994)和AFM 图解(b)(据Rickwood,1989

  • Fig.3 Diagrams of TAS (a) (after Middlemost et al., 1994) and AFM (b) (after Rickwood, 1989) of rhyolitic tuff from Heishantou Formation in Yimen County, central Yunnan Province

  • 在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(图4b)上,样品具有较为一致的曲线形式,流纹质凝灰岩富集K、Rb、Th 等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti 等高场强元素,反映出英安岩岩浆部分熔融或结晶分异过程中具有斜长石与角闪石的分离,显示出与岛弧钙碱性火山岩相似的特点(邓晋福等,2015)。

  • 3.2 LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb定年

  • 本次对样品D8006-1样品锆石大部分自形程度较好,锆石形态棱角分明,且发育典型的韵律环带,为典型的岩浆结晶锆石(图5a);少部分具核—幔—边结构,无明显环带结构,可能为捕获锆石或继承性锆石(Hu Zhaochu,2008)。

  • 选择18颗锆石进行了定年分析,所有的分析点都位于谐和线上或其附近(图5a),有效的分析点均具有较好的谐和度(均大于90%);由于受后期构造作用改造,致使部分锆石Pb丢失。其中5、7、9号测点n206Pb)/ n207Pb)年龄分别为2411 Ma、1720 Ma、1798 Ma,其CL图具核—幔—边结构,无明显环带结构,认为为捕获锆石或继承性锆石。其余15颗锆石数据较为集中(图5b),锆石的Th/U值为0.46~1.57,具有典型的振荡环带,为岩浆成因,锆石的稀土元素球粒陨石标准配分图(图6)显示,15个测点的n206Pb)/ n207Pb)年龄为1498~1385 Ma,其锆石稀土元素配分模式均为“左”倾,均为重稀土富集,轻稀土亏损,并且具有明显Ce正异常,Eu负异常,稀土总量较高(表3);所有样品的Nb含量均在岩浆锆石范围内(Nb≤62×10-6),具有典型岩浆锆石的稀土配分模式特点(Hoskin and Schaltegger,2003)。15个测点获得了较为一致的n206Pb)/ n207Pb)年龄加权平均值为1415±20Ma(MSWD=0.72,n=15),说明流纹质凝灰岩形成年龄为中元古代中期,也代表了黑山头组的沉积年龄。

  • 图4 云南易门地区黑山头组流纹质凝灰岩球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图(a)和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(b)(原始地幔标准化数据、球粒陨石标准化数据引自Sun and McDonough,1989)

  • Fig.4 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns(a)and primitive mantle-normalized trace elements patterns(b)of rhyolitic tuff from Heishantou Formation in Yimen County, central Yunnan Province ( chondrite normalized data after Sun and McDonough,1989)

  • 图5 云南易门地区流纹质凝灰岩锆石谐和图(a)、(b)、年龄概率分布(c)及加权平均值(d)

  • Fig.5 Zircon concodia diagram(a), (b), ages probability distribution (c)and weighted average (d)of rhyolitic tuff from Heishantou Formation in Yimen County, central Yunnan Province

  • 3 个锆石n206Pb)/ n207Pb)年龄(2411 Ma、1720 Ma、1798 Ma)打在锆石继承核上,振荡环带结构不清,次棱角状,且具核—边结构,且数据明显大于锆石结晶年龄1415 Ma,在锆石的稀土元素球粒陨石标准配分图(图6)与其它结晶锆石有明显差别,Ce正异常不明显,Eu负异常不明显,表现出捕获锆石或继承性锆石特征。

  • 3.3 锆石原位Lu—Hf同位素

  • 在锆石U-Pb测年的基础上,选择谐和度较好的年龄点,在与年龄点环带趋势一致的微区圈定Hf同位素点位。本次共完成11个点的Lu—Hf同位素测试(表4)。岩浆锆石中Hf同位素能够用来示踪岩浆源区,初始比值εHft)为正值时其一阶模式年龄与二阶模式年龄较为接近,且接近表面年龄,代表亏损地幔或从亏损地幔中新增生的年轻地壳,指示来自新生地壳的重熔;εHft)为负值,代表岩体形成时壳源物质成分占主导地位,具有典型的壳源成因特征(Griffin et al.,2002)。本次εHft)值范围为-4.46~2.07,锆石εHft)值兼具正值和负值特征(图7),一阶段Hf的模式年龄TDM1为2098~1798 Ma,平均值为1931 Ma,二阶段Hf的模式年龄TDM2为2438~2030 Ma,平均值为2205 Ma;本次研究的样品εHft)值均落在亏损地幔之下的地壳区域,且具较大的变化和具有正负值的特点,由此说明黑山头组流纹质凝灰岩岩浆源区主要与古元古代(2438~2030 Ma)俯冲洋壳板片的熔融有关,并伴有地壳物质的混入。

  • 表3 云南易门地区黑山头组岩流纹质凝灰岩锆石的稀土元素和微量元素(×10-6)分析值

  • Table3 REE and Trace element analysis values of zircons from rhyolitic Tuff of Heishantou Formation in Yimen, Yunnan

  • 4 讨论

  • 4.1 本文锆石U-Pb年代学数据的意义及对中元古界昆阳群的时代约束

  • 昆阳群主要发育于云南中部地区,为一套低绿片岩相的陆源碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩以及火山碎屑岩组合,自下而上分为黄草岭组、黑山头组、富良棚组、大龙口组以及美党组,总厚度超过5 km(戴恒贵,1997吴懋德等,1990耿元生等,2017刘军平等,20192021a)。近年来,随着同位素年代学的发展,昆阳群地层年代学研究取得了一系列进展。大量学者对昆阳群富良棚组火山岩作了大量工作,得了较为精确的同位素年代学。如Greentree et al.(2006)在滇中易门地区老吾山组凝灰岩中获得了1142±16 Ma的年龄;张传恒等(2007)首次在昆阳群富良棚组凝灰岩中获得1032±9 Ma的年龄;尹福光等(2012)李怀坤等(2013)刘军平等(2018a)在富良棚组凝灰岩、玄武岩中取得了1031±12 Ma、1047±15 Ma、1043±7 Ma、1007±13 Ma和1005±18 Ma的年龄;纪星星等(2016)刘昊岗(2020)也在昆阳群顶部的美党组中获得 954±13 Ma 和 945±17 Ma 的年龄。2010年,由成都地质调查中心组织的“全国地层委员会”在云南召开现场会,重新定义了昆阳群之后,昆阳群火山岩数据多在~1000 Ma。可见,昆阳群上部地层可能属于新元古代早期,仍缺乏昆阳群下部重要地层的可靠高精度年龄数据约束。

  • 本文首次在黑山头组底部发现大套流纹质凝灰岩夹层,且厚度较大(20~45 m),获得锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为1412±20 Ma(MSWD=0.72,n=15),代表了该凝灰岩的形成时代,说明黑山头组沉积时代为中元古代中期,也是滇中地区首次发现~1.4 Ga岩浆记录。昆阳群的下限年龄应该大于黑山头组的下限年龄,考虑到黑山头组之下有约上千米厚的黄草岭组的碎屑岩沉积,且很难获得火山岩锆石年代学数据,结合本次获得的年龄数据,暂且把昆阳群下部的年龄延至~1.5 Ga可能较为合理。因此本文从火山岩精确的同位素较好的限定了昆阳群沉积时代为中元古代中期—新元古代早期(1.5~0.90 Ga)。

  • 图6 云南易门地区黑山头组流纹质凝灰岩锆石稀土元素配分模式图 (球粒陨石值据Sun and McDonough,1989)

  • Fig.6 The Chondrite normalized rare earth element patterns for the zircons diagram of rhyolitic tuff from Heishantou Formation in Yimen County, central Yunnan Province (the chondrite value is after Sun and McDonough,1989)

  • 4.2 流纹质凝灰岩岩浆起源、演化及构造背景

  • 火山岩中TiO2 含量能灵敏地反映构造环境,酸性火山岩中TiO2在岛弧为0.81%,大陆内部稳定区为1.6%(邱家骧,1985),云南易门地区流纹质凝灰岩TiO2含量偏低(0.30%~1.01%,平均0.72%),与岛弧火山岩接近。Al2O3含量10.78%~16.24%(平均13.04%),在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(图3b)上,Rb、Th、Ce等LILE及LREE富集,Nb、Ta、Ti、Sr等HFSE亏损,显示典型的弧火山岩特征;活动大陆边缘区岛弧火山岩La/ Nb、Ba/Nb值普遍较高(La/ Nb、Ba/Nb>2)(Salters et al.,1991),流纹质凝灰岩La/Nb值与Ba/Nb值分别为2.8~7.7(平均4.5)、6.88~70.16(平均37.5),同样与典型的岛弧火山岩地球化学特征类似(李曙光,1993邓晋福等,2015)。在Th—Hf/3—Nb/16图解构造环境判别图解(图8a)中,所有样品都落入岛弧钙碱性玄武岩区。因此,流纹质凝灰岩属于典型的岛弧型岩浆岩。

  • 流纹质凝灰岩在(La/Sm)N—(Tb/Yb)N图解(图8b)中,所有样品均投入尖晶石橄榄岩区,说明源区来自尖晶石橄榄岩区,与样品微量元素强烈亏损Nb、Ta、Ti及Lu—Hf同位素(εHft)兼有正与负值)特征较为一致(Drummond and Defant,1990),指示黑山头组流纹质凝灰岩主要与古元古代(2438~2030 Ma)俯冲洋壳板片的熔融有关,并伴有地壳物质的混入。会理通安一带发育有~1.4Ga的洋内弧(任光明等,2017),同时期通安—易门地区还发育深海相硅泥质复理石的、深海硅质岩,黑山组枕状熔岩和深海黑色碳质页岩(刘伟,2019刘军平等,2020a)。这些特征表明,在~1.4 Ga的扬子陆块已经从Columbia超大陆裂解成洋(菜子园—易门洋),由此本文的1.412 Ga流纹质凝灰岩应为菜子园—易门洋地区开始削减的产物,1.4Ga时期可能是菜子园—易门洋地区裂解—俯冲转换的重要时期。

  • 4.3 本文年龄数据与菜子园—易门洋空间展布、构造演化的关系

  • 扬子陆块中元古代蛇绿岩研究比较成熟主要有任光明等(2017)厘定的扬子陆块西南缘菜子园蛇绿混杂岩(辉长岩~1350 Ma)(任光明等,2017邓奇等,2023)和扬子陆块北缘黄陵地区的庙湾蛇绿混杂岩(辉长岩1118~974 Ma)(Peng Songbai et al.,2012Deng Hao et al.,2017)。说明扬子克拉通北缘、西缘在中元古代曾经均演化为成熟大洋盆地。

  • 图7 云南易门地区黑山头组岩流纹质凝灰岩 Hf同位素t(Ma)和εHft)图

  • Fig.7 Hf isotope t (Ma) and εHf (t) diagram of Rhyolitic tuff from Heishantou Formation in Yimen County, central Yunnan Province

  • 表4 云南易门地区黑山头组岩流纹质凝灰岩Lu-Hf同位素分析值

  • Table4 Lu-Hf isotope analysis value of Rhyolitic tuff from Heishantou Formation in Yimen County, central Yunnan Province

  • 注:测点号与年龄表中编号一致。 年龄为n207U)/n206U)年龄。计算公式如下:

  • εHf (t) =10000n176Hfn177HfS-n176Lun177HfSeλt-1n176Hfn177HfCHUR, 0-n176Lun177HfCHUReλt-1-1; TDM1=1λln1+n176Hfn177HfS-n176Hfn177HfDMn176Lun177HfS-n176Lun177HfDMTDM2CC=TDM1-TDM1-tfCC-fSfCC-fDM; fLu/Hf=n176Lun177HfSn176Lun177HfCHUR-1

  • 其中:λ176Lu=1.865×10-11/a Schere et al.,2001; n176Lun177HfSn176Hfn177Hf为样品测量值;

  • n176Lun177HfCHUR=0.0332n176Hfn177HfCHUR0=0.282772(Blichert-Toft et al.,1997); n176Lun177HfDM=0.0384n176Hfn177HfDM=0.28325(Griffin et al.,2000); n176Lun177Hf平均地壳 =0.015;

  • fCC=n176Lun177Hf平均地壳 n176Lun177HfCHUR-1; fS=fLu/Hf; fDM=n176Lun177HfDMn176Lun177HfCHUR-1; t为锆石结晶年龄。

  • 近年来,扬子陆块因被证实参与了Columbia(哥伦比亚)、Rodinia(罗迪尼亚)超大陆的聚散演化过程而备受关注(Zhao Guochun et al.,200220042012Li Zhengxiang et al.,2008Liu Junping et al.,202020212023)。从全球超大陆旋回的角度分析,滇中地区属古元古代Columbia超大陆的一部分,形成于1900Ma±,相当于吕梁运动。在1850 Ma±后Columbia超大陆进入裂解阶段(刘军平等,2020a),在滇中地区的中元古界东川群中普遍发育1750~1650 Ma的辉长岩脉、辉长辉绿岩脉、石英斑岩脉,可能是导致这一超大陆裂解的超级地幔柱事件的岩浆作用记录(王冬兵等,2013郭阳等,2014任光明等,2017王伟等,2019)。由于超大陆的裂解,在现今的川、滇交界一带形成了新的大洋盆地,笔者等认为菜子园蛇绿混杂岩应该代表了该洋盆闭合后的残迹。该洋盆至少在1700 Ma±已经发育了典型的洋壳,1670 Ma±发育了亚速尔型洋岛玄武岩特点的岩墙群,1500 Ma±进入大洋拉张的全盛时期,在约1400 Ma±转入俯冲消减阶段[任光明等(2017)获得洋内弧辉长岩年龄1375 Ma],1400 Ma±为菜子园—易门洋裂解—俯冲动力学转换的时限;在1150 Ma±洋壳俯冲消减完毕,发生了弧—陆或陆—陆碰撞造山作用,因在滇中地区发育了1150~1010 Ma的同碰撞强过铝花岗岩组合,主要岩体有元江撮科花岗岩体、石屏纪母白花岗岩体(传统意义上的峨山花岗岩基南段),元谋那别村等地也有这一时期的同碰撞型花岗岩出露(宋冬虎,2022);1007 Ma滇中地区出现具A型花岗岩类型的甸中大龙潭正长岩碱性岩体(刘军平等,2021b),说明滇中地区约1007 Ma±转入伸展拉张环境。

  • 图8 黑山头组流纹质凝灰岩Th—Hf/3—Nb/16成因判别图(a)和(La/Sm)N—(Tb/Yb)N 判别图(b)(据Harris et al.,1986

  • Fig.8 Th—Hf/3—Nb/16 plot(a)and (La/Sm) N— (Tb/Yb) N(b)plot of Rhyolitic tuff from Heishantou Formation(after Harris et al., 1986

  • 在1∶20万会理幅、1∶5万关河幅等前人工作成果基础上,任光明等(2017)在扬子陆块西缘的四川会理关河—通安地区厘定了中元古代菜子园蛇绿混杂岩,并获得1375±7 Ma洋内弧型辉长岩年龄;由于菜子园蛇绿混杂岩形成的地质年代久远,经历了后期的多次构造改造,且研究仅限在四川境内,其东西向延伸及展布不清,菜子园洋发育及消亡的时间未做详细研究(孙志明等,2009尹福光等,20112012任光明等,2017)。从而导致云南镜内是否存在中元古代时期的大洋,攀西地块与滇中地块的分界线不清,元古代盆地演化、地层格架及大地构造单元划分对比困难等问题。

  • 笔者等通过对滇中地区详细的野外地质调查,综合分析前人成果及最新同位素资料,认为在小江断裂带以西,由于古生代地层的掩盖,未见蛇绿混杂岩出露;而在元谋—绿汁江断裂以东,菜子园蛇绿混杂岩的延伸情况也不清晰,有学者认为向北东与庙湾蛇绿混杂岩相连(任光明等,2017李静等,2022)。近年来,云南省地质调查院等多家单位的野外地质考察中,先后在四川拉拉铜矿区(刘军平,内部资料)、云南新平大红山铁—铜矿区发现了一些高压变质岩(黄亮等,2022),在云南撮科地区厘定了撮科蛇绿混杂岩(张良等,2022),且本次发现的~1.4 Ga岛弧型火山岩年龄数据与中元古代菜子园蛇绿混杂岩重要端元辉长岩(~1.4 Ga)年龄相当,结合绿汁江断裂在绿汁镇—元谋一带存在构造混杂现象,带中发育一套硅—灰—泥岩石组合(刘军平,内部资料),由此推断菜子园—易门洋很可能在河口金沙江一带由西转向南沿着绿汁江断裂带由通安—河口—元谋—绿汁—元江一带展布,菜子园蛇绿混杂岩带与元谋—绿汁江断裂带可能构成了中元古代地史时期滇中古陆块的边界。今后应进一步加强绿汁江断裂带物质组成及构造属性的综合研究。

  • 5 结论

  • (1)首次在滇中易门六街地区昆阳群黑山头组发现一套流纹质凝灰岩夹层,获得1412±20 Ma(MSWD=0.72,n=15)锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄值,代表了该流纹质凝灰岩的形成时代,认为黑山头组沉积时代为中元古代中期,表明滇中地区存在~1.4 Ga岩浆及岩石学记录,限定了昆阳群沉积时代为中元古代中期—新元古代早期(1.5~0.9 Ga)。

  • (2)流纹质凝灰岩富集K、Rb、Th 等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti 等高场强元素,中等Eu负异常,显示出与岛弧钙碱性火山岩的特点,属于典型的岛弧型岩浆岩;岩浆源区主要与古元古代(2438~2030 Ma)俯冲洋壳板片的熔融有关,并伴有地壳物质的混入,应为菜子园—易门洋开始削减的产物,该时期(~1.4Ga)可能是菜子园—易门洋裂解—俯冲动力学转换的重要时期。

  • (3)结合现有区域地质资料及本次研究成果,认为菜子园—易门洋很可能在河口金沙江一带由西转向南沿着绿汁江断裂带由通安—河口—元谋—绿汁—元江一带展布,菜子园蛇绿混杂岩带与元谋—绿汁江断裂带可能构成了中元古代地史时期滇中古陆块的边界。

  • 致谢:野外工作过程中得到成都地质矿产研究所孙志明研究员、崔晓庄研究员等的帮助和指导。审稿人提出了宝贵的修改意见。责任编辑李明博士对文稿做了大量的工作,在此一并表示衷心感谢。

  • 注释 / Notes

  • ❶ 云南省地质调查院.2018. 云南1∶5万二街幅、易门县幅、鸣矣河幅、上浦贝幅区域地质调查报告.

  • ❷ 云南省地质调查院.2022. 云南省区域地质志(第二版,修测)地质调查报告.

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