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作者简介:

刘建清,男,1969年生,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事岩石学专业及构造地质学研究;E-mail: ljianqing0813@163.com。

通讯作者:

何利,女,1983年生,高级工程师,主要从事构造地质学研究;E-mail: 76069804@qq.com。

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    摘要

    锆石是一种高度稳定矿物,一旦形成,将会保留形成时源区的信息。即使再次受到部分熔融或变质作用影响,所携带的源区信息也不易全部丢失,还能再次记录地质变化的信息。因此,碎屑锆石在沉积地层年代学、沉积物源及源区构造属性研究方面发挥着重要作用,其具体实践不仅可以丰富其地质年代学理论,对于重塑盆—山格局及古地理演化也具有重要意义。康滇古陆周缘筇竹寺组已有的研究主要从传统沉积学角度开展了岩相古地理分析,尚未开展碎屑锆石年代学及锆石原位微量元素分析。在古地理研究基础上,笔者等首次开展了康滇古陆东缘滇东北昭通地区筇竹寺组碎屑锆石年代学及锆石微量元素研究。研究表明,筇竹寺组碎屑锆石最新年龄为 521 Ma, 与中国地层表一致,代表了筇竹寺组底部沉积年龄和中国南方古生代最大海侵时限。筇竹寺组底部黑色泥岩碎屑锆石年龄具有 2511~ 2462 Ma、2061~ 1700 Ma、1200~ 550 Ma 3 个集中区域,与康滇地区 Kenorland 古陆、Columbia 古陆、Rodinia 古陆的聚合、裂解有着密切的关系。筇竹寺组碎屑锆石富集重稀土,一般具正 Ce 和负 Eu 异常,Th / U 值大多大于 0. 4,具岩浆锆石特征。其中,格林威尔造山运动及 Rodinia 古陆裂解产物为筇竹寺组碎屑锆石主要物源。灯影组是筇竹寺组源区最新层位,但岩性为白云岩不能提供碎屑锆石,其上梅树村组地层则缺失。该组碎屑锆石具有花岗岩、基性岩主要来源,且有钾镁煌斑岩、正长岩物源,并反映出多期 S 型花岗岩作用的深刻影响。

    Abstract

    Objective: Zircon is a highly stable mineral that, once formed, will retain information about the source region at the time of formation. Even if it is affected by partial melting or metamorphism again, the information carried by the source region is not easy to lose all, and the information of geological changes can be recorded again. Therefore, detrital zircon plays an important role in the study of sedimentary stratigraphic chronology, sediment sources and tectonic properties of source regions. Its practical practice can not only enrich its geochronology theory, but also have important significance for reshaping basin—mountain pattern and paleogeographic evolution. The existing studies of Qiongzhusi Formation in the margin of Kangdian ancient land mainly carried out the lithofacies paleogeography analysis from the traditional sedimentological perspective, but the detrital zircon chronology and insitu trace element analysis have not yet been carried out.

    Methods: Based on the study of palaeogeography, the study of detritonal zircon chronology and trace elements of Qiongzhusi Formation in Zhaotong area of northeast Yunnan Province was carried out for the first time.

    Results: The results show that the latest age of the detrital zircons in the Qiongzhusi Formation is 521 Ma, which is consistent with the stratigraphic table in China, representing the sedimentary age at the bottom of the Qiongzhusi Formation and the maximum Paleozoic invasion time in southern China. The detrital zircon ages show three age peaks: 2511~2462 Ma, 2061~1700 Ma and 1200~550 Ma, which are closely related to the convergence and cracking of the Kenorland, Columbia and Rodinia paleolands in the Kangdian area. Detrital zircons in the Qiongzhusi Formation are rich in HREE, with positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies and Th / U ratios greater than 0. 4, indicating the characteristics of magmatic zircons.

    Conclusions: The detrital zircons from the Qiongzhusi Formation were mainly derived from the Greenwell orogeny and the Rodinia paleocontinent. The Dengying Formation is the latest horizon in the source area of the Qiongzhusi Formation, but the lithology is dolomite, which cannot provide detrital zircon, and the upper Meishucun Formation is missing. The detrital zircons in Qionhzhusi Formation are mainly derived from granites and mafic rocks, as well as potassium—magnesium lamprophyre and syenite, reflecting the deep influence of S-type granite.

  • 近年来,中国南方已在涪陵礁石坝、宜宾长宁取得龙马溪组页岩气重大突破。与龙马溪组页岩相比,牛蹄塘组(筇竹寺组)页岩有机质丰度更高,具有更大的沉积厚度和更广泛的分布面积,页岩气资源潜力巨大,是中国页岩气勘探开发的另一重点层系(王濡岳等,2016)。滇东北昭通地区位于康滇古陆东缘,筇竹寺组黑色页岩具页岩气勘探前景。已有的基础地质调查认为该区筇竹寺组属下寒武统(云南省地质局),沉积相研究则认为筇竹寺期康滇地区为一古陆,并向研究区提供物源(云南省地质矿产局,1995)。根据最新的地质年代表和地层学研究进展,该区筇竹寺组是否属于过去认为的下寒武统? 而沉积相研究则是根据露头情况的定性分析,其沉积物源来自何处? 扬子克拉通基底构造经历了从 Kenorland 古陆—Columbia 古陆—Rodinia 古陆的复杂演化( McMenaming and McMenaming,1990; Dalziel,1991; Hoffman,1991; Moores,1991; Rogers and Santosh,2003; Yakubchuk,2019),其对筇竹寺组的沉积和物源有着怎样的影响? 该区筇竹寺组沉积的具体时限? 2019~2021 年间,中国地质调查局对滇东北页岩气开展了专项调查。工作中采集了筇竹寺组最底部黑色页岩开展了碎屑锆石年代学和原位微量元素研究。本文旨在发表这一相关成果,以深化该区筇竹寺组的研究。

  • 1 区域地质背景

  • 根据云南省地质志的划分,研究区在一级构造单位为扬子准地台,二级构造单元为滇东台褶带(云南省地质矿产局,1982)(图1)。经过晋宁运动之后的加里东、海西、印支、燕山、喜马拉雅各构造期,该区沉积了震旦系、古生界、中生界、新生界的巨厚盖层。已有资料表明,下寒武统自下而上发育梅树村组、筇竹寺组、沧浪铺组、龙王庙组,梅树村组与筇竹寺组平行不整合接触(图2)。该区出露的震旦系至白垩系均为整合或平行不整合接触,仅新近系与白垩系之间为角度不整合接触,表明该区沉积盖层于晚燕山期褶皱定型。其中上古生界与下古生界的广西运动造成的平行不整合是区内最大的沉积间断(刘建清等,2021a); 而在西侧康滇古陆的西昌— 会理—东川一带则广泛出露古元古河口群、大红山群、汤丹群,中元古东川群、苴林群、会理群、昆阳群以及新元古界苏雄组/ 开建桥组、列古六组、观音崖组、灯影组(李献华等,20012002; 肖剑等,2021)。该区筇竹寺组与灯影组平行不整合接触,缺失下寒武统梅树村组(四川省地质局)(图3)。寒武系及以上层位地层分布于古元古—新元古地层以东地区(图1)。

  • 图1 滇东北及邻区大地构造位置图(a,据郑庆鳌,1997)及邻区地质图(b)

  • Fig.1 Tectonic map (a, after Zheng Qing’ao, 1997#) and geological sketch map (b) of Northeast Yunnan and adjacent area

  • 康滇古陆东缘寒武纪古地理演化和中上扬子构造及其盆地的演化密切相关。在康滇古陆缺失寒武纪沉积,在东侧则表现为被动大陆边缘沉积,与上扬子东南缘表现出相似的盆地特征。寒武纪梅树村期,为初始海侵阶段,海侵规模有限,且受新元古代裂谷盆地的影响,呈现隆—凹相间的盆地格局,在水下隆起区表现为浅灰、灰白、灰黑色白云岩、白云质磷块岩,在凹陷区则表现为硅质岩( 刘建清等,2022); 寒武纪筇竹寺期为中上扬子早古生代最大海侵时期,由于快速海侵上超,海水较深,致使在中上扬子地区筇竹寺组(牛蹄塘组)下部沉积了厚度较大的黑色炭质页岩,此时,自康滇古陆以东至扬子东南缘呈现出由陆棚相至半深海、深海相的变化,在陆棚相区表现为碎屑岩,而至靠近江山—绍兴断裂的深海、半深海相则表现为炭硅质板岩。在陆棚相区,受新元古代裂谷盆地的影响仍呈现隆—凹相间的格局(刘建清等,2021b); 至中寒武世沧浪铺期,盆地逐渐填平及海平面的下降,沉积了一套紫红色薄—中层状粉砂岩夹灰绿色页岩; 龙王庙期,盆地完成了碳酸盐台地的建基过程,海平面略有上升,陆缘碎屑影响小,沉积了一套泥微晶白云岩及含灰白云岩; 陡坡寺—西王庙期,海平面下降,来自康滇古陆的碎屑影响加剧,形成了一套砂屑白云岩、泥质白云岩及紫红色砂泥岩; 娄山关期,海平面上升,来自康滇古陆的陆缘碎屑影响减弱,海水总体较浅,沉积了厚层块状的白云岩。之后,盆地抬升,至奥陶纪开始新一轮海侵。

  • 图2 昭通市昭阳区锌厂沟筇竹寺组剖面沉积序列图

  • Fig.2 Sedimentary sequence map of the Qiongzhusi Formation section in the Xinchanggou, Zhaoyang District, Zhaotong City

  • 2 沉积相及剖面特征

  • 研究区位于康滇古陆以东,康滇古陆广泛出露古元古代—新元古代等古老地层,呈南北向带状展布,以东逐渐出露筇竹寺组。康滇古陆往东,筇竹寺组底部黑色页岩逐渐增厚,由几米到 30 m 变化,从古老基岩出露到底部黑色岩系逐渐加厚的特点,反映由西往东,呈古陆到浅水陆棚—深水陆棚的变化,水体逐渐加深。依据古老基岩分布、区域筇竹寺组剖面纵横向特征,编制了研究区及邻区筇竹寺组沉积相图(图4)。

  • 图3 川西西昌地区古元古界—新元古界地层序列图

  • Fig.3 Sequence map of Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic strata in Xichang area, western Sichuan

  • 碎屑锆石样品采自昭通市昭阳区锌厂沟筇竹寺组剖面,剖面起点坐标: 103° 13′ 46.21″ E,27° 34′ 13.29″ N; 终点坐标:103°14′04. 03″ E,27°34′10.60″ N。剖面见顶、底,下与下寒武统梅树村组白云岩为平行不整合接触,顶与沧浪铺组整合接触(图2)。剖面中筇竹寺组底部为灰黑色—黑色中厚层状—薄层状炭质粉砂质泥岩,往上渐变为灰—深灰色泥质粉砂岩、钙泥质粉砂岩夹粉砂质泥岩,风化面略带浅黄灰色; 上部为灰—深灰色粉砂质泥岩、钙质粉砂质泥岩夹钙泥质粉砂岩、深灰色泥质粉砂岩,风化面略带浅黄灰色、浅黄绿色。地层中普遍发育水平层理,上部偶见浪成对称波痕—流水波痕(图5),流水波痕迎水面宽缓,宽约 2 cm,背水面较陡、窄,宽约 1~1.5 cm,波高约 1 cm。将地层层理面放置至水平状,并测定流水波痕古流向六处,分别为 90°、93°、 96°、96°、88°、100°,反映古流向由西向东,古陆位于西部,为康滇古陆。结合野外颜色、岩性、古流向等特征,综合分析剖面下部为深水陆棚,上部为浅水陆棚沉积环境(刘建清等,2021b),优势相为浅水陆棚。该剖面中矿物组成主要为陆源碎屑,从沉积相的展布分析(图4),物源应来自西部康滇古陆。

  • 图4 滇东北地区筇竹寺组沉积相图

  • Fig.4 Sedimentary facies map of the Qiongzhusi Formation, northeastern Yunnan

  • 3 测试样品和分析方法

  • 剖面开展了全岩矿物 X 衍射分析,由成都地质调查中心实验室完成。仪器为荷兰帕纳科 XPERT PRO,陶瓷 χ 光管最大功率 2.2 kW(Cu 靶),最大管压 60 kV,最大管流 5 mA。稳定度 ≤0. 01%,扫描速度范围 0. 001~1.27°/ s,角度重现性±0. 0001°(空载),2θ 范围 0~167°,角度精度 0. 0025°,分辨率 0. 037°,zei 小步长 0. 0001°,正比探测器 99%线性范围 1×10-6 cps,背景 ≤0.2 cps。

  • 实验表明筇竹寺组泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩石英 33%~45%,钾长石 0~14%,斜长石 0~29%,方解石 0~18%,白云石 0~15%,黏土矿物 12%~39%(表1)。显微镜下层理清晰,石英呈棱角状或次棱角状,粒径 0. 05 mm 左右,颗粒间充填泥质、碳质等成分; 长石颗粒,棱角状,粒径 0. 05 mm 左右,局部可见聚片双晶; 方解石和白云石呈泥晶—微晶集合体,为沉积期沉淀的碳酸盐矿物(图6); 泥质呈孔隙式或基底式胶结石英碎屑,为隐晶质状或重结晶形成雏晶状云母,其中夹杂少量碳质成分。

  • 图5 云南昭通锌厂沟剖面典型野外照片:(a)1 层炭质泥岩;(b)27 层灰色泥岩中浪成对称波痕—流水波痕(据刘建清等,2021b

  • Fig.5 Typical field photos of Xinchanggou section, Zhaotong, Yunnan: ( a) the carbonaceous mudstone in 1 layer; ( b) the symmetrical ripple and running water ripple marks in the gray mudstone of layer 27 formed by waves (after Liu Jianqing et al., 2021b&)

  • 图6 云南昭通锌厂沟剖面 1 层炭质粉砂质泥岩显微照片(单偏光)

  • Fig.6 Micrograph of carbonaceous silty mudstone in the Layer 1 of the Xinchanggou section, Zhaotong, Yunnan (single polarized light)

  • 碎屑锆石样品采自剖面筇竹寺组底部黑色炭质泥岩(图5a)。锆石制靶及照相在南京宏创地质勘查技术服务有限公司完成,首先将挑选的锆石置于环氧树脂内,对其进行抛光清洗,露出锆石表面,制成靶样。锆石 U-Pb 同位素定年和微量元素测试均在成都地质调查中心实验室完成。激光剥蚀系统为 GeoLasPro 193 nm 激光系统,质谱为高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪 ELEMENT2,实验采用高纯 He 作为剥蚀物质的载气,激光波长 193 nm、束斑 32 μm、脉冲频率 5 Hz、激光能量为 70 mJ,测试前先采用 NIST610 标准调谐仪器至最佳状态,使得139 La、 232 Th 信号达到最强,并使氧化物产率232 Th 16O/ 232 Th<0.3%。实验采用锆石标样 GJ-1 作为外标进行 U-Pb 同位素分馏效应和质量歧视的校正计算,Plěsovice 锆石标样作为监控盲样来监视测试过程的稳定性; 测试时每 5 个样品点插一组标样( Yang Fan et al.,2019)。数据处理采用软件 ICPMSDataCal(Liu Yongsheng et al.,2010)。

  • 表1 云南昭通筇竹寺组锌厂沟剖面泥质粉砂岩全岩矿物 X 衍射含量(%)

  • Table1 X-ray diffraction mineral content (%) in argillaceous siltstone of the Qiongzhusi Formation in the Xinchanggou section, Zhaotong, Yunnan

  • 采自昭通市昭阳区锌厂沟筇竹寺组底部黑色炭质泥岩碎屑锆石多呈浅粉色,金刚光泽,粒径 40~50 μm,多呈次棱角至次圆状。部分锆石晶体表面较粗糙,可见凹坑,断口圆钝,晶体内发育气液包体,发育裂纹,后期受力迹象明显。在测试过程中避开了这类锆石。所测试的锆石在阴极发光图像中大部分具清晰的振荡环带,显示岩浆锆石的特征,部分锆石具有残留的核部,为后期岩浆对早期热事件的捕获锆石,部分锆石具窄的浅色边,核部仍显示清晰的岩浆环带特征,表明浅色边为变质的增生边,部分锆石呈面状分带、扇状分带或弱分带,显示变质锆石特征(张亚峰等,2022)(图7)。

  • 4 分析结果

  • 4.1 碎屑锆石 U-Pb 年龄及 Th / U 值

  • 对于年龄<1000 Ma 的锆石,采用206 Pb / 238U 年龄; 而年龄 >1000 Ma,则采用207 Pb / 206 Pb 年龄(Sircombe,1999; 肖剑等,2021),分析测试数据见表2。数据在 U-Pb 谐和图上,大部分落点在谐和线附近或靠近谐和线(图8),部分数据点稍偏离谐和线,反映部分锆石可能存在一定程度的 Pb 丢失(肖剑等,2021)。

  • 图7 云南昭通筇竹寺组碎屑锆石阴极发光图像

  • Fig.7 Cathodoluminescence image of detrital zircon in the Qiongzhusi Formation, Zhaotong, Yunnan

  • 图8 云南昭通筇竹寺组碎屑锆石 U-Pb 年龄谐和图和 U-Pb 年龄分布直方图

  • Fig.8 Detrital zircon U-Pb age concordia diagram and U-Pb age distribution histogram of the Qiongzhusi Formation in Zhaotong, Yunnan

  • 图9 云南昭通筇竹寺组碎屑锆石年龄—Th / U 相关图

  • Fig.9 Age—Th / U correlation of detrital zircons from theQiongzhusi Formation in Zhaotong, Yunnan

  • 本次筇竹寺组底部黑色炭质粉砂质泥岩挑选的锆石共测试了 80 颗锆石,去除了有裂纹、包裹体及谐合度小于 90%的 18 颗,实际采用 62 颗,年龄值分布于 1200~521 Ma(峰值年龄 694.7 Ma),2061~1700 Ma(峰值年龄 1929.8 Ma),2511~2462 Ma(峰值年龄 2489 Ma)3 个区间,且以 1200~521 Ma 分布频率最大(图8、图9)。最年轻锆石年龄 521 Ma、 523 Ma 两颗,代表筇竹寺组沉积年龄小于或接近 521 Ma。该区筇竹寺组碎屑锆石 Th / U 值 0. 014~3.08 9,均值 0.756,一般较高(表2),反映其可能主要来自岩浆源区锆石( Hoskin and Ireland,2000; Hoskin and Schaltegger,2003; 刘伟,2019)。在年龄—Th / U 散点图(图9)上可以看出,大部分数据的 Th / U 值大于 0.4,反映出主要为岩浆锆石,年龄越小,Th / U 值较大,年龄较大,Th / U 较低,年龄—Th / U 略成负相关关系,这可能与后期的变形变质作用以及 Pb 的丢失有关(肖剑等,2021)。

  • 4.2 碎屑锆石的微量元素

  • 筇竹寺组黑色炭质粉砂质泥岩锆石稀土元素成分及主要微量元素分析结果见表3。球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图见图10。总体上,筇竹寺组的碎屑锆石绝大多数具有富集重稀土元素的特征,仅极个别碎屑锆石具相对平缓的配分模式。碎屑锆石具有正 Ce 明显异常( Ce = 1. 084~221.45,均值 31.783),Eu 大多具明显负异常,个别具正异常(Eu = 0. 021~1.496,均值 0.249)。锆石晶格位置的大小常限定微量元素的总量。以稀土元素的阳离子 REE 3+为例,它们常以磷钇矿替代方式进入锆石的 Zr—O 十二面体 Zr 4+的位置中,该晶格对 3 价阳离子的最佳配位半径为 0. 093 nm,与重稀土的有效离子半径接近,与轻稀土的有效离子半径差异明显,因此,锆石倾向于富集重稀土而难以容纳轻稀土(邹心宇等,2021)。该区锆石稀土元素富集重稀土的特征与上述规律吻合。

  • 图10 云南昭通筇竹寺组碎屑锆石球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图(标准化数值据 Sun and Mcdonough,1989)

  • Fig.10 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for analyzed detrital zircons from the Qiongzhusi Formation in Zhaotong, Yunnan ( normalization values after Sun and Mcdonough, 1989)

  • 表2 云南昭通漩竹寺组碎屑锆石 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年结果

  • Table2 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating results of the detrital zircons from the Qiongzhusi Formation in Zhaotong,Yunnan

  • 表3 云南昭通筑竹寺组碎屑锆石 LA-ICP-MS 原位稀土元素及主要微量元素分析结果(×10-6

  • Table3 LA-ICP-MS analysis results (×10-6) for earth elements and major trace elements in-situ detrital zircons from Qiongzhusi Formation,Zhaotong,Yunnan

  • 5 讨论

  • 5.1 碎屑锆石定年结果及物源讨论

  • 筇竹寺组 62 颗碎屑锆石有两颗 U-Pb 年龄分别为 521 Ma 和 523 Ma,为本次测试最新年龄,其中 521 Ma 与中国地层表(全国地层委员会《中国地层表》编委会,2012)筇竹寺组底界年龄完全一致。上述 523 Ma 可能是和 521 Ma 误差范围一致的年龄。如前所述,康滇古陆缺失梅树村地层,其沉积时限约 530~521 Ma。梅树村期受新元古裂谷盆地的影响,呈现隆凹相间的格局,在台地相区(如四川雷波小沟磷矿)为含鲕粒细晶灰岩、细晶白云岩及砂屑白云岩、磷块岩,下部为泥质岩屑粉砂岩,在陆棚相区(如云南会泽)为薄层白云岩、硅质岩、泥质粉砂岩、磷块岩等(刘建清等,2020)。如果康滇地区存在梅树村组和火山活动,将为工区提供大约 530~523 Ma 范围的碎屑锆石,其缺失证实了在源区的缺失。 523 Ma 与 521 Ma 可能是误差范围一致的年龄,筇竹寺组的底界沉积年龄为 521 Ma。根据该年龄及中国地层表(全国地层委员会《中国地层表》编委会,2012),筇竹寺组应属寒武系第二统,而非属于传统意义上的下寒武统。筇竹寺组是中国南方古生代最大海侵时期,521 Ma 也限定了这一地质作用的时限。

  • 550~541 Ma 为灯影峡阶沉积时限(全国地层委员会《中国地层表》 编委会,2012),研究区筇竹寺组碎屑锆石缺失这一时限年龄,而在康滇古陆,则发育灯影组白云岩,其碎屑锆石年龄的缺失可能是源区为白云岩且不存在火山活动,不能向研究区提供碎屑锆石有关(四川省地质局)。而该区其余大于 550 Ma 碎屑锆石年龄与康滇地区构造演化和地质背景有着密切的关系。

  • 20世纪末期,McMenaming 和 McMenaming(1990)Hoffman( 1991)、 Dalziel( 1991)、 Moores(1991)等根据格林威尔造山运动及其造山带的识别和对比,提出在中元古代末期至新元古代初期全球的主要大陆汇聚成了一个超大陆,称之罗迪尼亚(Rodinia)。超大陆的主要聚合过程发生在中元古代的晚期( 距今 1200~1000 Ma),格林威尔(Grenville)造山运动代表着罗迪尼亚超大陆聚合的构造过程。

  • 研究区筇竹寺组碎屑锆石年龄在 803~550 Ma 有 35 颗锆石,是本次 U-Pb 年龄测点最集中的区域,第一个年龄峰值(694.7 Ma)所在,代表了 Rodinia 超级大陆裂解过程的产物,是物源区影响深远的地质事件和筇竹寺组主要的碎屑锆石来源。陡山沱组(康滇地区为列古六组、观音崖组)沉积时限为 635~550 Ma(全国地层委员会《中国地层表》 编委会,2012),筇竹寺组包括了 12 颗该年龄段碎屑锆石; 年代学研究表明,康滇地区南华系底部新元古代双峰式火山岩(开建桥组/ 苏雄组)锆石 U-Pb 年龄为 803 Ma(李献华等,20012002),其岩石地球化学特征指示为大陆裂谷环境,表明扬子地块西缘在 Rodinia 大陆解体后新元古裂谷盆地开启时间为 803 Ma。根据中国地层表(全国地层委员会《中国地层表》编委会,2012)及康滇地区南华系(康滇地区为开建桥组/ 苏雄组)底部测年结果,认为该区南华系沉积时限为 803~636 Ma,筇竹寺组包含了 23 颗该年龄段碎屑锆石。结合碎屑锆石年代学及前面关于灯影组、梅树村组的论述,认为康滇地区南华系开建桥组/ 苏雄组、震旦系列古六组、观音崖组火山碎屑沉积为研究区筇竹寺组提供物源,灯影组虽有沉积,但其未发育火山岩,不能提供碎屑锆石,而源区梅树村组缺失。

  • 根据上述扬子西缘地区新元古代裂谷盆地的开启时间,研究区筇竹寺组碎屑锆石 1200~804 Ma 年龄则代表了 Rodinia 超级大陆的汇聚时间,在这一时限内共有 16 颗碎屑锆石。对于变质地层,铷锶法和钾氩法等方法获得的变质地层岩石的年龄应视为地层的变质年龄,亦即其变质事件的年龄(陈岳龙等,2001; 王奖臻等,2012)。西昌—会理—东川大红山群、河口群、会理群变质岩石/ 变质矿物(黑云母)铷锶/ 钾氩年龄多集中在 1100~906 Ma(武希彻和段锦荪,1982; 丛柏林,1988; 李复汉等,198; 胥德恩和左兆康,1995; 阚泽忠和乔正福,1999); 同时,滇中峨山地区发现了碱闪霓石正长岩体,LA-ICP-MS 年龄为(1007±10)Ma,被认为是格林威尔造山运动结束的时限(刘军平等,2021)。上述变质年龄和岩浆活动年龄与 Rodinia 造山运动时间一致,与筇竹寺组碎屑锆石 1200~804 Ma 也吻合,表明康滇地区属 Rodinia 超级大陆一部分,并为研究区筇竹寺组沉积提供了碎屑锆石。筇竹寺组碎屑锆石核—幔—边特征,应为这次重要构造事件变质增生边。

  • 研究区筇竹寺组有 1700~2061 Ma 年龄段碎屑锆石 5 颗,其中 1784~1700 Ma 年龄段 2 颗,2061~1800 Ma 年龄段 3 颗,是研究区筇竹寺组碎屑锆石第二个年龄峰值( 1929.8 Ma)所在。研究认为是 Columbia 大陆聚合和裂解过程的产物。 Hoffman(1989) 在恢复 Rodinia 超大陆时,根据出现在北美和格陵兰上 2000~1800 Ma 的造山带,提出古元古代可能存在一个超大陆的猜想,自此以后大量关于描述全球性古元古—中元古的岩石地层、构造事件、地质年代学和古地磁数据被发表出来,并将该古大陆命名为 Columbia 超大陆( Rogers,2003; Zhao Guochun,2004; 刘伟,2019)。扬子陆块被认为是 Columbia 超大陆的重要组成部分,保留有晚古元古代—中元古代 Columbia 超大陆聚合裂解过程的地质记录( 陆松年等,2002; Zhao Guochun et al.,20022012; Zhao Xinfu et al.,2010; Zhao Xinfu and Zhou Meifu,2011; Fan Hongpeng et al.,2013; Wang Lijuan et al.,2013; Wang Wei et al.,2014; Wang Wei and Zhou Meifu,2014; Zheng Yongfei et al.,2013; 范宏鹏等,2015; 邱啸飞等,2015; 邓奇等,2017; Zhu Weiguang et al.,2017; 刘伟,2019)。会理通安地区古元古代凝灰岩获得(1859.32±9.2)Ma 加权平均年龄,元素地球化学富集大离子亲石元素 Rb、Ba、U,明显亏损高场强元素,稀土元素配分模式为 LREE 的右倾曲线,与壳熔体特征类似,显示岛弧岩石特征和汇聚构造背景(刘伟,2019)。因此,筇竹寺组 2061~1800 Ma 年龄段 3 颗锆石可能是与 2000~1800 Ma 期间对应的 Columbia 超大陆汇聚的产物的物源。 1784~1700 Ma 期间,Columbia 古陆开始裂解。会理通安地区东川群中广泛发育的辉长岩、辉绿岩及闪长岩反映出 1.7 Ga 峰值年龄,微量元素蜘蛛图和稀土元素配分图,与 E-MORB 相似,明显不同于 OIB,样品投点于富集型洋中脊玄武岩区域,轻微富集 Nb、Ta 而明显不同于亏损岛弧的亏损特征,表明康滇地区 1.7 Ga 的岩浆活动形成于伸张构造背景和 Columbia 大陆的裂解过程(刘伟,2019)。筇竹寺组 1784~1700 Ma 年龄段 2 颗碎屑锆石可能为这期构造事件的响应。

  • 研究区 2511~2061 Ma 年龄段碎屑锆石 4 颗,其中 2462~2061 Ma 年龄段 1 颗,2511~2463 Ma 年龄段 3 颗,为该区筇竹寺组碎屑锆石第 3 个年龄峰值(2489 Ma)所在区域,与 Kenorland 古陆的汇聚与裂解有关。 2.7~2.5 Ga 为原始克拉通到 Kenorland 古陆的形成时期,2.5 Ga 期间 Kenorland 古陆解体(Yakubchuk,2019)。云南东川古元古代中期汤丹群望厂组熔结凝灰岩 SHRIMP U-Pb 加权平均年龄为(2299±14)Ma(周邦国等,2012),筇竹寺组 2462~2061 Ma 年龄段锆石可能是 Kenorland 古陆裂解的响应。而 2511~2463 Ma 年龄段 3 颗则可能与 Kenorland 古陆聚合有关。

  • 5.2 对筇竹寺组构造背景及沉积环境的启示

  • 如前所述筇竹寺组碎屑锆石除极少部分外,大多呈现相似的重稀土富集,具明显正 Ce 异常和明显负 Eu 异常球粒陨石标准化配分模式。 Th / U 值大多大于 0.4 以上,表明碎屑锆石大多属岩浆成因,部分锆石颗粒边缘发育变质增生边。筇竹寺组碎屑锆石稀土元素具有与康滇地区东川群相似的特征(肖剑等,2021),暗示了他们在成因上的某种联系。

  • 在 Y—U、 Y—Ce / Ce、Y—Yb / Sm 图解(图11)中,筇竹寺组碎屑锆石大部分数据点落入花岗岩类区,部分落入基性岩和花岗岩重叠区,少数落入钾镁煌斑岩和正长岩区域(Y—U、Y—Yb / Sm),暗示这些碎屑锆石可能主要来自花岗岩类区,并有多种物源。在 Th—Pb 图解中,筇竹寺组碎屑锆石大部分落入 S 型花岗岩区域内(图11),在(REE+Y)—P 图解中,主要落点于 S 型花岗岩及其延长区域,少部分落点于 I 型花岗岩区域。在 U/ Yb—Y 图解中,主要落点于大陆锆石区域,少量落点于大陆锆石—洋壳锆石的重叠区域及洋壳锆石区域(图11)。

  • 研究区西部的康滇地区,发育古元古河口群、大红山群、汤丹群,中元古东川群、苴林群、会理群、昆阳群以及新元古界苏雄组/ 开建桥组、列古六组、观音崖组、灯影组(李献华等,2001; 李献华等,2002; 肖剑等,2021),在筇竹寺组沉积之前经历了 Kenorland 古陆聚合和裂解、 Columbia 古陆聚合和裂解、 Rodinia 古陆聚合和裂解多期构造运动。这些构造运动在筇竹寺组物源有深刻的反映。

  • 2.7~2.5 Ga 为原始克拉通到 Kenorland 古陆的形成时期,2.5 Ga 期间 Kenorland 古陆解体(Yakubchuk,2019)。前述筇竹寺组 2511~2463 Ma 年龄段 3 颗锆石则可能与 Kenorland 古陆聚合有关; 2462~2061 Ma 年龄段 1 颗锆石则可能对应Kenorland 古陆裂解,云南东川古元古代中期汤丹群望厂组熔结凝灰岩 SHRIMP U-Pb 加权平均年龄为(2299±14)Ma(周邦国等,2012)与之吻合。

  • 图11 云南昭通筇竹寺组碎屑锆石微量元素岩性判别图解(底图据 Belousova et al.,2002; Wang Qing et al.,2012)花岗岩类细分:1—正长岩; 2—浅色花岗岩; 3—花岗岩、闪长岩和英云闪长岩

  • Fig.11 Lithological discrimination diagrams of trace elements in detrital zircons from the Qiongzhusi Formation, Zhaotong, Yunnan (base map after Belousova et al., 2002; Wang Qing et al., 2012) Granitoid subdivision: 1— syenite; 2— leucogranite; 3— granite, diorite and quartz diorite

  • 2000~1800 Ma 是 Columbia 古陆聚合时期(Rogers,2003; Zhao Guochun,2004; 刘伟,2019)。筇竹寺组 2061~1800 Ma 年龄段 3 颗锆石可能是与Columbia 超大陆汇聚相对应,而 1784~1700 Ma 年龄段 2 颗锆石对应 Columbia 古陆的裂解。汇聚造山将产生大量 S 花岗岩,而裂解产生洋中脊玄武岩。会理通安地区凝灰岩(1859.32±9.2)Ma 年龄值的获取、其壳源熔体特征,以及这一地区东川群中发育的辉长岩、辉绿岩及闪长岩 1.7 Ga 峰值,证明了 Columbia 大陆在康滇地区的聚合、裂解的年代学和岩石学响应(刘伟等,2019),以及对研究区筇竹寺组物源的影响。东川群被认为是 Columbia 古陆解体后的裂谷盆地沉积,其碎屑锆石年龄 1.8 Ga 的峰值(肖剑等,2021)表明筇竹寺组 2061~1700 Ma 碎屑锆石年龄可能是与 Columbia 聚合、裂解过程相关的再旋回沉积。

  • 筇竹寺组 1200~550 Ma 年龄段碎屑锆石是与 Rodinia 古陆聚合、裂解过程相应的产物,该年龄段碎屑锆石颗粒数最多表明其是研究区筇竹寺组的主要物源。 1200~1000 Ma 为 Rodonia 大陆聚合时限( McMenaming and McMenaming,1990; Hoffman,1991; Dalziel,1991; Moores,1991)。西昌—会理—东川大红山群、河口群、会理群变质岩石/ 变质矿物(黑云母)1100~906 Ma 铷锶/ 钾氩年龄(武希彻和段锦荪,1982; 丛柏林,1988; 李复汉等,1988; 胥德恩和左兆康,1995; 阚泽忠和乔正福,1999)及滇中峨山地区碱闪霓石正长岩体(1007±10)Ma(刘军平等,021),代表了格林威尔造山区域变质事件及该运动的结束。此过程提供了造山期 S 型花岗岩及正长岩物源,与筇竹寺组碎屑锆石 1200~804 Ma 年龄段吻合。 803 Ma 是康滇地区 Rodinia 古陆裂解、新元古代裂谷盆地开启时期,发育双峰式火山岩(李献华等,20012002),沉积了南华系苏雄组/ 开建桥组、震旦系列古六组、观音崖组、灯影组,地层区域上厚度差异大、呈“楔状” 地层及典型裂谷盆地特征(王剑,2005)。筇竹寺组 803~550 Ma 年龄段碎屑锆石应为这一时期火山锆石的再循环,双峰式火山岩提供了花岗岩及基性岩物源。而灯影组岩性为白云岩,未能提供火山岩碎屑锆石。梅树村期发育火山活动,筇竹寺组碎屑锆石中未见大量该年龄段的锆石,表明康滇地区未沉积梅树村组,与灯影末期桐湾运动上升成陆相关(汪泽成等,2014),自此,康滇地区经历了长时期的隆起。

  • 以上对于筇竹寺组构造背景及物源的分析与沉积相分析一致,源区为康滇古陆,与沉积相图相互应证。 Y—U、 Y—Ce / Ce、Y—Yb / Sm 图解(图11)中主要为花岗岩和基性岩的重叠区,另有少量正长岩、钾镁煌斑岩源区,前三者在康滇地区古元古—新元古地层中均有发现,目前未发现这一时期的煌斑岩,攀西地区目前已发现的煌斑岩为喜山期(吴鹏等,2020)。超镁质煌斑岩往往是伸展环境下岩浆作用的产物,碱性煌斑岩出露在离散型大陆边缘和板内构造环境(刘秉翔等,2021)。康滇地区古元古代— 新元古代经历了 Kenorland 古陆、 Columbia 古陆、 Rodinia 古陆的裂解过程,发育类似的构造条件,只是可能目前尚未发现。 Th—Pb 图解中,碎屑锆石基本落入 S 型花岗岩区域,(REE+Y)—P 图解主要落入 S 型花岗岩及其延长区域,少部分落入 I 花岗岩区域,(U/ Yb)—Y 图解主要落入大陆锆石区域,少量落入洋壳锆石区域(图10)。(REE+Y)—P 图解较 Th—Pb 图解结果更可信( Belousova et al.,2002)。康滇地区古元古代—新元古代三次古陆的聚合,这些锆石或经历过 S 型花岗岩的演化过程; 而裂解过程中,地幔柱的热作用或导致上部沉积岩的熔融,也形成 S 型花岗岩,这两种作用可能是筇竹寺组碎屑锆石主要的形成过程。 I 型花岗岩或与汇聚过程中俯冲洋壳生热以及裂解过程中地幔柱下部火山活动对早期的火山岩的重熔有关。碎屑锆石以大陆锆石为主,反映了大陆裂谷裂解过程和造山过程火山活动的深刻影响,而与洋壳锆石的重叠区或少量的洋壳锆石则反映了源区残留洋壳锆石的影响。锆石年龄的 3 个峰值,以第一个峰值(694.7 Ma)频度最高,时代最新,是 Rodonia 古陆裂解,大陆裂谷火山岩的反映。

  • 6 结论

  • (1)筇竹寺组底部黑色泥岩最新年龄锆石年龄为 521 Ma,与中国地层表筇竹寺组底界年龄一致,代表了筇竹寺组底界沉积年龄和古生代最大海侵时期; 而 523 Ma 与 521 Ma 两者是在误差范围内一致的年龄数据。

  • (2)筇竹寺组底部黑色页岩碎屑锆石年龄具有明显规律,集中分布于 2511~2462 Ma、2061~1700 Ma、1200~550 Ma3 个区域,与康滇地区 Kenorland 古陆、Columbia 古陆、Rodinia 古陆的聚合、裂解有着密切的关系。康滇地区古元古代—新元古代地层为研究区筇竹寺组提供了碎屑锆石来源,格林威尔造山运动及 Rodinia 古陆的裂解产物是其主要物源,与沉积相分析相吻合。研究区筇竹寺组缺失灯影期碎屑锆石,与康滇地区灯影组为白云岩,未能提供火山碎屑锆石有关。筇竹寺组中梅树村组期年龄基本缺失,表明康滇物源区未沉积该组,源区自灯影末期受桐湾运动影响长期隆起。

  • (3)研究区筇竹寺组碎屑锆石大多富集重稀土,具有明显正 Ce 异常和明显负 Eu 异常,Th / U 值大多大于 0.4 以上,主要为岩浆成因锆石。 Y—U、 Y—Ce / Ce、Y—Yb / Sm 图解落点于花岗岩与基性岩的重叠区,并有钾镁煌斑岩及正长岩的来源。 Th—Pb 落点于 S 型花岗岩区域,(REE+Y)—P 主要落点于 S 型花岗岩及其延长区域,少数落点于 I 型花岗岩区域,(U/ Yb)—Y 主要落点于大陆锆石区域,少数落点于大陆锆石与洋壳锆石重叠区域及洋壳区域。康滇地区古元古代—新元古代经历 Kenorland 古陆、Columbia 古陆、Rodinia 古陆聚合、裂解过程,筇竹寺组碎屑锆石具有多种岩浆锆石来源构造背景,在源区基本已发现。造山过程沉积岩重熔和大陆裂谷火山活动提供了 S 型花岗岩和大陆锆石来源。 3 个年龄峰值中,以第一个峰值(694.7 Ma)频度最高,时代最新,对筇竹寺组碎屑锆石有深刻影响,系 Rodonia 古大陆裂解的反映。

  • 注释 / Notes

  • ❶ 云南省地质局.1978. 中华人民共和国区域地质调查报告,昭通幅.

  • ❷ 四川省地质局.1965. 中华人民共和国区域地质调查报告,西昌幅.

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